tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27898937463174288392024-03-13T22:46:37.172-07:00NAMA KU AGUS SUHENDIEducation is power, education for better future.AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-13889190876358056712012-02-18T10:45:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:45:30.487-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 7 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 7 )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kDuyn5nzEN8/Tz_xn3aMp8I/AAAAAAAAAbk/DlxBY7b21xc/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kDuyn5nzEN8/Tz_xn3aMp8I/AAAAAAAAAbk/DlxBY7b21xc/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam perekonomian dengan system ekonomi pasar dan system ekonomi campuran disetiap Negara inflasi pasti ada, pepatah bilang inflasi adalah hantu perekonomian.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi yang terkendali juga menunjukan bahwa Negara tersebut perekonomiannya sedang tumbuh, inflasi disebabkan oleh permintaan atas barang – barang produksi yang disebabkan oleh miningkatnya permintaan atas barang – barang konsumsi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju infalsi dapat dikendalikan dengan cara targeting inflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju inflasi harus lebih rendah dari laju pertumbuhan ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.bi.go.id/web/id/Moneter/Kerangka+Kebijakan+Moneter/ diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.bi.go.id/web/id/Moneter/Inflasi/Bank+Indonesia+dan+Inflasi/penetapan.htm diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.bi.go.id/web/id/Moneter/Inflasi/Pengenalan+Inflasi/ diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.bi.go.id/web/id/Moneter/Inflasi/Pengenalan+Inflasi/ diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.bi.go.id/web/id/Moneter/Kerangka+Kebijakan+Moneter/mengapa.htm diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.tradingeconomics.com/inflation-rates-list-by-country akses tanggal 21 januari jam 01 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://rasz17.blogspot.com/2011/05/inflasi-indonesia-tertinggi-kedua-di.html tanggal 21 jannuari 2012 jam 00.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://kuliahitukeren.blogspot.com/2011/07/pengertian-dan-jenis-inflasi.html tanggal 21 jannuari 2012 jam 00.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_makro diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://agusyantono.wordpress.com tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 23.00 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://yansosial.wordpress.com/2010/07/23/permasalahan-ekonomi-makro/ tanggal 21 jannuari 2012 jam 00.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?inflasi=1 diakses tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 22.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.gaikindo.or.id/download/industry-policies/k-bank-indonesia/OEI-2008-2012.pdf tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 23.30 wib</div><div class="MsoNormal">http://dashboard.bappenas.go.id/upload/grafik_perkembangan_ekonomi/makro_bahasa_indonesia_18_februari_2011.pdf tanggal 20 jannuari 2012 jam 23.30 wib</div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-83056816436453835982012-02-18T10:42:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:42:44.833-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 6 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 6 )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c3Rq6nRK694/Tz_vc4a58aI/AAAAAAAAAbE/EIUd8HJV_24/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c3Rq6nRK694/Tz_vc4a58aI/AAAAAAAAAbE/EIUd8HJV_24/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel Daftar negara yang diurutkan dengan Tingkat Inflasi IHK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: -27.1pt; width: 492px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background: #8DB3E2; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Negara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #8DB3E2; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terbaru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #8DB3E2; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #8DB3E2; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #8DB3E2; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #8DB3E2; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/venezuela/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjNPEBmTNHIsBf0k8D-BHx6AgGQmA"><span style="color: black;">Venezuela</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">28.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">27.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">26.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">31.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">22.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiS7JKi91aJU9W0dKit0pQIqF19wA"><span style="color: black;">Vietnam</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">19.83<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.52<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">19.87<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/tanzania/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhg76-bysD9HbnKykr3MqMBZIZ7_Gw"><span style="color: black;">Tanzania</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">19.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/kenya/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhzZguLVJvt5FWXoYBMau3hvV1V1w"><span style="color: black;">Kenya</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18.93<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">27.72<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mongolia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjUFfwcUsrJk53Y6LI8nrfD-_kXig"><span style="color: black;">Mongolia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">20.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">15.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/angola/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhmMLMlrq_vGAgIQ1z7dTdNdzoArg"><span style="color: black;">Angola</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.28<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">15.31<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.18<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/bangladesh/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgNJeyZxGkcDkqRUgYsVf07Kl8yBw"><span style="color: black;">Bangladesh</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.63<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.28<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhfPgTSIFjCPx4uwdrnwvT7V50IbQ"><span style="color: black;">Nigeria</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">15.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/turkey/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiAwboHDILT6Xr7cg_AWrfNpn59fw"><span style="color: black;">Turki</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.53<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiHb8i6363rjYprNtMU3QU3DOMOEQ"><span style="color: black;">Pakistan</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">15.46<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.52<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">23.34<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/egypt/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhi75qjynhDKoAP6kcOzRmCWmhGyqA"><span style="color: black;">Mesir</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/argentina/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiJyhjzSZt4JEV4OmDQDBin1_i3AQ"><span style="color: black;">Argentina</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjTT6S8W5Hv6O_NP2njgAONw9qoXQ"><span style="color: black;">India</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.34<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.47<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14.97<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/botswana/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhieEl5X9EvwZ_0F69pTofel9UOBlA"><span style="color: black;">Botswana</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mozambique/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiv83uS1wnMNYUJk3Jo90Kzajsciw"><span style="color: black;">Mozambik</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.69<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">17.44<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.26<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ghana/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjGZA60TRXuiwjkd_mlgKElkNvgCg"><span style="color: black;">Ghana</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">16.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/kazakhstan/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhh3rMMyhdM2KX_rYfvWDDmn4Xusfw"><span style="color: black;">Kazakhstan</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">17.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/rwanda/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhj2pswxpnx1n3foKg6caGO99ySijw"><span style="color: black;">Rwanda</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">22.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/russia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhh8SluxWMiJJelTB7L8sWSaYwu7eA"><span style="color: black;">Rusia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/bolivia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgk5_MlySOpAwJrfvcNu2U0gax3GA"><span style="color: black;">Bolivia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.18<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.26<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.73<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgHwFTeh3lVlI3jqAF9TneXXapAAw"><span style="color: black;">Sri Lanka</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/brazil/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhi5XLwtmXActt-O5zxVkzxvvVbzuQ"><span style="color: black;">Brasil</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.91<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.31<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.46<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/paraguay/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiR0imFxDJHmGRhZ3kxl3IasFxTBA"><span style="color: black;">Paraguay</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgeZobogWnYjpoHhJF-4qaWpQ4lcw"><span style="color: black;">Afrika Selatan</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/namibia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgezW_Kh6ySW-QFjFOYzUV23ce6QA"><span style="color: black;">Namibia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ukraine/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjXVKFCkF0puO5SIAXIIqEFnrVllA"><span style="color: black;">Ukraina</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">22.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">16.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/hong-kong/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgMyKFT0CQtrCPU33UAhA1dbGaydg"><span style="color: black;">Hong Kong</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjgzywit2LPmsWC6CxzvbK0mO6jOg"><span style="color: black;">Singapura</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/iceland/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhg8rHKlDdkgO5LVAY4vWjTvJtJ5hw"><span style="color: black;">Islandia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18.13<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.86<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/saudi-arabia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhsTsfXf76Bj7qT2-sqyIwQuEzopQ"><span style="color: black;">Arab Saudi</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.98<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.47<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/algeria/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhh53s0e0fC0T3_Q5EOLQibgO8-Ahg"><span style="color: black;">Aljazair</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.92<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.73<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.74<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.46<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjPzNtG0X9VqaqAVfsSgyNCWwa9sA"><span style="color: black;">Filipina</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/peru/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiyrCrfOLBhRRqV_iMFJs3L8QMjbQ"><span style="color: black;">Peru</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.72<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.08<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.93<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/poland/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjcgh9mXvG4tig6UxX0HMKDH2v_wQ"><span style="color: black;">Polandia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/chile/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgPAH1JEVfxEYjt2pkr2Ldvesbesw"><span style="color: black;">Chili</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-1.06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.76<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.27<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/slovakia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgdqf0-SZ5-Q6CSlArZ5r_FwvKVxw"><span style="color: black;">Slowakia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/tunisia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiT-RLy4DaPG-69-ZJaVPWFOTTSdw"><span style="color: black;">Tunisia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/south-korea/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiRZOlOyn9ILebBeYg9KksOBy0KRg"><span style="color: black;">Korea Selatan</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.61<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhggeTOljNUqfPI8mS3eV_8AhuIM-g"><span style="color: black;">Britania Raya</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhggHIsi6zT2xAqYkjx4DocyUQW-sg"><span style="color: black;">Cina</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/hungary/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgtantg29SyJO8kVp3QMAG5WF8mkA"><span style="color: black;">Hongaria</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/latvia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjwuYOTS5i61kghfis3qDtXZeGTBA"><span style="color: black;">Latvia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-1.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/belgium/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhO0lictanTKTbqn4rK-6juii09Dw"><span style="color: black;">Belgia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mexico/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhg-N1BCJ78_Mhix1BgviRwjuMz_3A"><span style="color: black;">Meksiko</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.53<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.76<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhivOZcLeBYZFcFGosylIT_N5ogaGg"><span style="color: #c00000;">Indonesia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.96<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: yellow; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/estonia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhRvfMq2DCmI_5fbg63hP4MK3g3qg"><span style="color: black;">Estonia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.72<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-1.71<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.98<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9.57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/portugal/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjkGun3eQaxe4pBRDAMyTZBqmQuiA"><span style="color: black;">Portugal</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/austria/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhj5FRu6uEN2xiMpWMw6190JSIOo8w"><span style="color: black;">Austria</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/colombia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhlXE3FZFMcdgxDXhq_HoDvOdA-Uw"><span style="color: black;">Kolumbia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.17<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.69<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/thailand/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhW7AeudFmwAahHqzBK3EKz3jkXZg"><span style="color: black;">Thailand</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiMRsM5jP5djFDuHkYRm3x6cKZgvg"><span style="color: black;">Australia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/lithuania/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhNFdWxrUsCpZUFWmTj5ZxAKUOcOw"><span style="color: black;">Lithuania</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/italy/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgDLsi_iccmB70-_cQ7FZrNRhWRWQ"><span style="color: black;">Italia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/luxembourg/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjuojUhQUI6I8i2eWAVoNRUZTXr0w"><span style="color: black;">Luksemburg</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.09<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/romania/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhi5TdGDKdghS_7l03hQ_MxmI_aTHQ"><span style="color: black;">Rumania</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjGP7bN5qLkk10hS-qORsJAM2mvKw"><span style="color: black;">Malaysia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgy6QqAHAgaSBljRnI2NJJVvEj3zg"><span style="color: black;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/finland/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhQ4AugMjP7wIJBcbQMwDsLHBgyHQ"><span style="color: black;">Finlandia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/bulgaria/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhg1Q3slqc3Y60li_b0sy3kqZA_5wA"><span style="color: black;">Bulgaria</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">7.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/macedonia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhIcRH4RI5n_EZBeNdkWc84JBoxzA"><span style="color: black;">Makedonia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/euro-area/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhIGIyucL3JPG2LvvLvhE9fZhYNSg"><span style="color: black;">Wilayah Euro</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/denmark/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiA--wVdwlydramKooVPFAfWPR0wg"><span style="color: black;">Denmark</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/france/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhj76t6tSS5Z4BIe2Q8xk67yh_JQtQ"><span style="color: black;">Prancis</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ireland/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhg9raN5-rk10qGVGszFTCVUMfjidQ"><span style="color: black;">Irlandia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-5.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/qatar/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhi1qp4xXkwEDcslteax3CipBD2KqA"><span style="color: black;">Qatar</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-9.96<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">13.16<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/czech-republic/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhj8a2XvTIprqbZahpZO2k0KSETIug"><span style="color: black;">Republik Ceko</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/greece/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgNDSSniCgVRKOSeytU0-1-FlMGIQ"><span style="color: black;">Yunani</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/netherlands/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhhjQXvu7ebPyzCnsZbet3CHwNN-hg"><span style="color: black;">Belanda</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjMtTWQr2TMV5PEPn8AThpyX6qfzA"><span style="color: black;">Spanyol</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/canada/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhg44f_3rlwF8cg6-mJMsreHipj4OA"><span style="color: black;">Kanada</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/sweden/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhj1T20IBmaQ4X8ADdeDHMuo4PQHUA"><span style="color: black;">Swedia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/israel/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjnevkuYdANh-d0woef6FUwegbtJg"><span style="color: black;">Israel</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/germany/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjhQkyG2I8jYZzr2xx0KxZ25KWrRA"><span style="color: black;">Jerman</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/slovenia/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgsg00hq5rGF2tEM9NmcWtKRu2t3Q"><span style="color: black;">Slovenia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/new-zealand/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgnPsmGoH8voQANTvTXNBtLp0JTsA"><span style="color: black;">Selandia Baru</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/morocco/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjrxgZYXfsFO9xEPhkhvMzNrEFKRA"><span style="color: black;">Kulit kambing yg halus</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-1.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/taiwan/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhjMHs5vQinLepcyjX-qB1nKSiHd3w"><span style="color: black;">Taiwan</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.24<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.27<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3.33<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/norway/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhj2cvdqGnpVPpFjhqa0Ho_uW67yug"><span style="color: black;">Norwegia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-arab-emirates/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgQvLiX3xfecIxcOEmupvo-6v5g2g"><span style="color: black;">Uni Emirat Arab</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.09<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.73<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.56<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/japan/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhgEVSUGM2t_bkYd0HrE3ulgZAxTeQ"><span style="color: black;">Jepang</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-1.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #284775; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.35pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tradingeconomics.com/switzerland/inflation-cpi&usg=ALkJrhiZi9pus0y44aB-nWXcJqmQaB09YA"><span style="color: black;">Swiss</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.28<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi dan perekonomian Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi dan perekonomian Indonesia sangat saling berkaitan. Apabila tingkat inflasi tinggi, sudah dipastikan akan memengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi, dimana akan melambatnya laju pertumbuhan ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Data Tabel Inflasi Indonesia 2007 - 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 53.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 8.0%;" width="8%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">BULAN<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.0%;" width="10%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TAHUN 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.0%;" width="10%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TAHUN 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.0%;" width="10%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TAHUN 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.0%;" width="10%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TAHUN 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.0%;" width="10%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TAHUN 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #003366; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 10.0%;" width="10%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TAHUN 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">IHK<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">INFLASI<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">IHK<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">INFLASI<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">IHK<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">INFLASI<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">IHK<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">INFLASI<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">IHK<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">INFLASI<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">IHK<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #003366; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 5.0%;" width="5%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">INFLASI<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Jan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">147.41<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.04<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">158.26<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.77<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.07<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">118.01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.84<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">126.29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.89<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Feb<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">148.32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.62<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">159.29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">114.02<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.21<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">118.36<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">126.46<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.13<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Mar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">148.67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.24<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">160.81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.95<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">114.27<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.22<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">118.19<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">126.05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Apr<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">148.43<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.16<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">161.73<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.92<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.31<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">118.37<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">125.66<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.31<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Mei<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">148.58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">164.01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.41<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.97<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">118.71<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">125.81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Jun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">148.92<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.23<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">110.08<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.46<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">114.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">119.86<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.97<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">126.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Jul<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">149.99<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.72<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">111.59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.37<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">114.61<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">121.74<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">127.35<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Agt<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">151.11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">112.16<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">115.25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.56<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">122.67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.76<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">128.54<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.93<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Sep<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">152.32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.97<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">116.46<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">123.21<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.44<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">128.89<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.27<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Okt<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">153.53<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.76<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">116.68<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.19<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">123.29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">128.74<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Nov<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">153.81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.18<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">116.65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.03<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">124.03<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">129.18<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.34<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Des<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">155.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">113.86<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">117.03<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.33<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">125.17<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.92<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">129.91<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0.57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #DDE5FF; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">N.A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tahunan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11.06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6.96<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="background: #CCCCCC; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grafik IHK dan Inflasi Bulanan 2007 - 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45lRQKW2IRY/Tz_v8UhDQOI/AAAAAAAAAbM/GLfJ2FMt8Bw/s1600/Grafik+IHK+dan+Inflasi+Bulanan+2007+-+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45lRQKW2IRY/Tz_v8UhDQOI/AAAAAAAAAbM/GLfJ2FMt8Bw/s400/Grafik+IHK+dan+Inflasi+Bulanan+2007+-+2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grafik Inflasi Tahunan 2007 - 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_wMjrkJ99Zo/Tz_wOLIkZRI/AAAAAAAAAbU/2UUVSvCdFj0/s1600/Grafik+Inflasi+Tahunan+2007+-+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_wMjrkJ99Zo/Tz_wOLIkZRI/AAAAAAAAAbU/2UUVSvCdFj0/s400/Grafik+Inflasi+Tahunan+2007+-+2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_76"
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style='width:337.5pt;height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title="grafik_inf"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 498px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 8.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 8.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Keterangan </span></b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(Notes) </span></i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 9.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: 9.1pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">1. Sebelum April 1979, yang digunakan sebagai dasar yaitu September 1966 ( September 1966 = 100 )</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 9.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 9.1pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(1. Before April 1979, the base year is September 1966 (September 1966 = 100))</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 373.45pt;" width="498"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">2. Mulai April 1979, digunakan istilah Indeks Harga Konsumen (sebelumnya menggunakan istilah Index Biaya Hidup). Dasarnya April 1977-Maret 1978. Menggunakan pola konsumsi hasil SBH (Survey Biaya Hidup ) tahun 1977/1978 di 17 ibukota propinsi ( April 1977-Maret 1978 = 100 ).</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 373.45pt;" width="498"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(2.Since April 1979, the Term "Consumer Price Index" has been used ( the term that has been used before is "Cost Living Index"). The base year is April 1977-Maret 1978. CPI using a consumption pattern obtained from 1977/1978 Cost Living Survey in 17 Provincial Capital cities.) (April 1977-Maret 1978=100)</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">3. Mulai April 1990-1997, IHK menggunakan tahun dasar 1988/1989. Menggunakan pola konsumsi biaya hidup hasil SBH di 27 ibukota propinsi. (1988/1989 = 100 )</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(3. Since April 1990-1997, CPI has been based on a consumption pattern obtained from Cost Living Survey in 27 Provincial Capital cities and using 1988/1989 base year) (1988/1989=100)</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 9.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="height: 9.1pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">4. Mulai Desember 1997, IHK menggunakan pola konsumsi hasil SBH di 44 Kota tahun 1996. ( 1996 = 100)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(4 </span></b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">. Since December 1997, CPI has been based on a consumption pattern obtained from 1996 Cost of Living Survey in 44 cities(1996=100))</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">5. Mulai Januari 2004, digunakan tahun dasar 2002. IHK dihitung berdasarkan pola konsumsi hasil SBH di 45 kota tahun 2002 ( 2002 = 100 )</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(5. Since January 2004, CPI has been based on a consumption pattern obtained from 2002 Cost of Living Survey in 45 cities(2002=100))</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">6. Mulai Juni 2008, digunakan tahun dasar 2007, IHK dihitung berdasarkan pola konsumsi hasil SBH di 66 kota tahun 2007 (2007 = 100)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 17.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">(6. Since June 2008, CPI has been based on a consumption pattern obtained from 2007 Cost of Living Survey in 66 cities(2007=100))</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi di Indonesia diumpamakan seperti penyakit endemis dan berakar di sejarah. Tingkat inflasi di Malaysia dan Thailand senantiasa lebih rendah. Inflasi di Indonesia tinggi sekali di zaman Presiden Soekarno, karena kebijakan fiskal dan moneter sama sekali tidak prudent (“kalau perlu uang, cetak saja”). Di zaman Soeharto, pemerintah berusaha menekan inflasi - akan tetapi tidak bisa di bawah 10 persen setahun rata-rata, antara lain oleh karena Bank Indonesia masih punya misi ganda, antara lain sebagai agent of development, yang bisa mengucurkan kredit likuiditas tanpa batas. Baru di zaman reformasi, mulai di zaman Presiden Habibie maka fungsi Bank Indonesia mengutamakan penjagaan nilai rupiah. Tetapi karena sejarah dan karena inflationary expectations masyarakat (yang bertolak ke belakang, artinya bercermin kepada sejarah) maka “inflasi inti” masih lebih besar daripada 5 persen setahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.7pt; width: 553px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="10" nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 415.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="553"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel Laju dan Sumber Pertumbuhan PDB Menurut Lapangan Usaha<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="10" nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 415.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="553"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tahun 2007 - 2020 ( Persen )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="17"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="3" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="17"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" width="206"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Lapangan Usaha<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="165"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Laju Pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="165"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sumber Pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" width="206"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #538ED5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pertanian, Peternakan, Kehutanan, dan Perikanan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pertambangan dan Pengalian<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Industri Pengolahan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Listrik, Gas, dan Air Bersih<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">10,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">10,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Konstruksi<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Perdagangan, Hotel dan Restoran<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">13,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Keuangan, Real Estat, dan Jasa Perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" width="17"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">9.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jasa-jasa<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="17"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PDB<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="17"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PDB Tanpa Migas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #C5D9F1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"> Sumber Data BPS</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Grafik Laju dan Sumber Pertumbuhan PDB Menurut Lapangan Usaha 2007 - 2012</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z7-WQVLjePM/Tz_wd5NxD3I/AAAAAAAAAbc/81O0feJeqAg/s1600/GRAFIK+LAJU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z7-WQVLjePM/Tz_wd5NxD3I/AAAAAAAAAbc/81O0feJeqAg/s320/GRAFIK+LAJU.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Indonesia pada Triwulan III-2009 meningkat sebesar 3,9 persen terhadap Triwulan II-2009 (q-to-q). Peningkatan terjadi hampir pada semua sektor ekonomi dengan pertumbuhan tertinggi di Sektor Pertanian 7,3 persen dan terendah di Sektor Jasa-jasa yaitu minus 0,3 persen. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila dibandingkan dengan triwulan yang sama tahun 2008 (y-on-y), PDB Indonesia Triwulan III-2009 ini tumbuh sebesar 4,2 persen, dimana hampir semua sektor tumbuh positif dan yang tertinggi di Sektor Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi 18,2 persen, sedangkan Sektor Perdagangan, Hotel dan Restoran tumbuh minus 0,6 persen. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara kumulatif, pertumbuhan PDB Indonesia hingga Triwulan III-2009 dibandingkan dengan periode yang sama tahun 2008 (c-to-c) tumbuh sebesar 4,2 persen. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besaran PDB Indonesia atas dasar harga berlaku pada Triwulan III-2009 Rp1.452,5 triliun sehingga kumulatif Triwulan ke III-2009 mencapai Rp4.131,1 triliun. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari sisi penggunaan, pertumbuhan PDB Triwulan III-2009 terhadap triwulan sebelumnya didorong oleh kenaikan konsumsi rumah tangga sebesar 1,8 persen, pembentukan modal tetap bruto (PMTB) sebesar 6,6 persen, ekspor sebesar 8,5 persen, dan impor 8,3 persen. Sementara konsumsi pemerintah pada Triwulan III-2009 tumbuh minus 0,5 persen dibanding triwulan sebelumnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan PDB penggunaan Triwulan III-2009 bila dibandingkan dengan triwulan yang sama tahun 2008 (4,2 persen) ditopang oleh pertumbuhan konsumsi pemerintah 10,2 persen, konsumsi rumah tangga 4,7 persen, dan PMTB sebesar 4,0 persen. Sedangkan ekspor tumbuh minus 8,2 persen dan impor juga tumbuh minus 18,3 persen. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur perekonomian Indonesia secara spasial pada Triwulan III 2009 masih didominasi oleh kelompok provinsi di Pulau Jawa yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto sebesar 57,8 persen, kemudian diikuti oleh Pulau Sumatera sebesar 23,3 persen, Pulau Kalimantan 9,5 persen, dan Pulau Sulawesi 4,5 persen dan sisanya 4,9 persen di pulau-pulau lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perekonomian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda perekonomian mulai mengalami penurunan adalah ditahun 1997 dimana pada masa itulah awal terjadinya krisis. Saat itu pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia hanya berkisar pada level 4,7 persen, sangat rendah dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya yang 7,8 persen. Kondisi keamanan yang belum kondusif akan sangat memengaruhi iklim investasi di Indonesia. Mungkin hal itulah yang terus diperhatikan oleh pemerintah. Hal ini sangat berhubungan dengan aktivitas kegiatan ekonomi yang berdampak pada penerimaan negara serta pertumbuhan ekonominya. Adanya peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang diharapkan akan menjanjikan harapan bagi perbaikan kondisi ekonomi dimasa mendatang. Bagi Indonesia, dengan meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi maka harapan meningkatnya pendapatan nasional (GNP), pendapatan persaingan kapita akan semakin meningkat, tingkat inflasi dapat ditekan, suku bunga akan berada pada tingkat wajar dan semakin bergairahnya modal bagi dalam negeri maupun luar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun semua itu bisa terwujud apabila kondisi keamanan dalam negeri benar-benar telah kondusif. Kebijakan pemerintah saat ini di dalam pemberantasan terorisme, serta pemberantasan korupsi sangat turut membantu bagi pemulihan perekonomian. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang merupakan salah satu indikator makro ekonomi menggambarkan kinerja perekonomian suatu negara akan menjadi prioritas utama bila ingin menunjukkan kepada pihak lain bahwa aktivitas ekonomi sedang berlangsung dengan baik pada negaranya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penetapan Target Inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Target atau sasaran inflasi merupakan tingkat inflasi yang harus dicapai oleh Bank Indonesia, berkoordinasi dengan Pemerintah. Penetapan sasaran inflasi berdasarkan UU mengenai Bank Indonesia dilakukan oleh Pemerintah. Dalam Nota Kesepahaman antara Pemerintah dan Bank Indonesia, sasaran inflasi ditetapkan untuk tiga tahun ke depan melalui Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK). Berdasarkan PMK No.143/PMK.011/2010 sasaran inflasi yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah untuk periode 2010 – 2012, masing-masing sebesar 5,0%, 5,0%, dan 4,5% dengan deviasi ±1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sasaran inflasi tersebut diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan bagi pelaku usaha dan masyarakat dalam melakukan kegiatan ekonominya ke depan sehingga tingkat inflasi dapat diturunkan pada tingkat yang rendah dan stabil. Pemerintah dan Bank Indonesia akan senantiasa berkomitmen untuk mencapai sasaran inflasi yang ditetapkan tersebut melalui koordinasi kebijakan yang konsisten dengan sasaran inflasi tersebut. Salah satu upaya pengendalian inflasi menuju inflasi yang rendah dan stabil adalah dengan membentuk dan mengarahkan ekspektasi inflasi masyarakat agar mengacu (anchor) pada sasaran inflasi yang telah ditetapkan (Lihat Peraturan Menteri Keuangan tentang sasaran inflasi 2010-2012)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka target atau sasaran inflasi dapat dilihat pada web site Bank Indonesia atau web site instansi Pemerintah lainnya seperti Departemen Keuangan, Kantor Menko Perekonomian, atau Bappenas. Sebelum UU No. 23 Tahun 1999 tentang Bank Indonesia, sasaran inflasi ditetapkan oleh Bank Indonesia. Sementara setelah UU tersebut, dalam rangka meningkatkan kredibilitas Bank Indonesia maka sasaran inflasi ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel perbandingan Target Inflasi dan Aktual Inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background: #004080; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: lavenderblush; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tahun</span></b><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #004080; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: lavenderblush; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Target Inflasi</span></b><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #004080; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: lavenderblush; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Inflasi Aktual</span></b><b><span style="color: lavenderblush; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: lavenderblush; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(%, yoy)</span></b><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4% - 6%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12,55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9% - 10%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10,03<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5,06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2004<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5,5</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6,40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">17,11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2006<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6,60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6,59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">11,06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4,5</span><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">+</span></u><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2,78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2010*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<u>+</u>1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6,96<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2011*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5<u>+</u>1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3,79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2012*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4.5<u>+</u>1%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #ECECEC; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #535054; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*) berdasarkan PMK No.143/PMK.011/2010 tanggal 24 Agustus 2010</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerangka Kebijakan Moneter di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melaksanakan kebijakan moneter, Bank Indonesia menganut sebuah kerangka kerja yang dinamakan Inflation Targeting Framework (ITF). Kerangka kerja ini diterapkan secara formal sejak Juli 2005, setelah sebelumnya menggunakan kebijakan moneter yang menerapkan uang primer (base money) sebagai sasaran kebijakan moneter. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan kerangka ini, Bank Indonesia secara eksplisit mengumumkan sasaran inflasi kepada publik dan kebijakan moneter diarahkan untuk mencapai sasaran inflasi yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah tersebut. Untuk mencapai sasaran inflasi, kebijakan moneter dilakukan secara forward looking, artinya perubahan stance kebijakan moneter dilakukan melaui evaluasi apakah perkembangan inflasi ke depan masih sesuai dengan sasaran inflasi yang telah dicanangkan. Dalam kerangka kerja ini, kebijakan moneter juga ditandai oleh transparansi dan akuntabilitas kebijakan kepada publik. Secara operasional, stance kebijakan moneter dicerminkan oleh penetapan suku bunga kebijakan (BI Rate) yang diharapkan akan memengaruhi suku bunga pasar uang dan suku bunga deposito dan suku bunga kredit perbankan. Perubahan suku bunga ini pada akhirnya akan memengaruhi output dan inflasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengapa ITF ?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan telah dilepaskannya sistem nilai tukar dengan band intervensi nilai tukar (crawling band) di tahun 1997, Bank Indonesia memerlukan jangkar nominal (nominal anchor) baru dalam rangka menjalankan kebijakan moneter. Jangkar nominal adalah variabel nominal (seperti indeks harga, nilai tukar, atau uang beredar) yang ditargetkan secara eksplisit oleh bank sentral sebagai dasar/patokan bagi pembentukan harga lainnya. Misalnya kalau nilai tukar dijadikan target, maka inflasi luar negeri akan menjadi inflasi domestik. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengapa kebijakan moneter memerlukan jangkar nominal? Karena tanpa adanya jangkar nominal, tidak ada kejelasan kemana kebijakan moneter akan diarahkan sehingga masyarakat tidak memiliki pedoman dalam membuat ekspektasi inflasi. Ibarat kapal yang mengapung di lautan tanpa kejelasan kearah mana kapal dilabuhkan. Sebaliknya, dengan adanya jangkar nominal masyarakat akan membuat ekspektasi inflasi yang diperlukan dalam kalkulasi usahanya sesuai dengan jangkar nominal tersebut. Dengan mengumumkan sasaran inflasi dan Bank Indonesia secara konsisten dapat mencapainya akan meningkatkan kredibilitas kebijaan moneter yang pada gilirannya ekspektasi inflasi masyarakat sesuai dengan sasaran yang ditetapkan BI. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada sejumlah alasan mengapa menggunakan jangkar nominal dengan ITF.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ITF lebih mudah dipahami oleh masyarakat. Dengan sasaran inflasi secara eksplisit masyarakat akan memahami arah inflasi. Sebaliknya dengan sasaran base money, apalagi jika hubungannya dengan inflasi tidak jelas, masyarakat lebih sulit mengetahui arah inflasi kedepan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ITF yang memfokuskan pada inflasi sebagai prioritas kebijakan moneter sesuai dengan mandat yang diberikan kepada Bank Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ITF bersifat forward looking sesuai dengan dampak kebijakan pada inflasi yang memerlukan time lag.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ITF meningkatkan trasparansi dan akuntabilitas kebijakan moneter mendorong kredibilitas kebijakan moneter. Aspek transparansi dan akuntabilitas serta kejelasan akan tujuan ini merupakan aspek-aspek good governance dari sebuah bank yang telah diberikan independensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ITF tidak memerlukan asumsi kestabilan hubungan antara uang beredar, output dan inflasi. Sebaliknya, ITF merupakan pendekatan yang lebih komprehensif dengan mempertimbangkan sejumlah variabel informasi tentang kondisi perekonomian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-19888038242284835972012-02-18T10:30:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:30:47.644-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 5 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"> DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 5 )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z-Hitn2yw5s/Tz_tMt956zI/AAAAAAAAAak/w3VG3jXjQss/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z-Hitn2yw5s/Tz_tMt956zI/AAAAAAAAAak/w3VG3jXjQss/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inflasi di Negara – Negara didunia.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K8o2n_MUD98/Tz_tZvL7ohI/AAAAAAAAAas/TGrMpXTzPrw/s1600/peta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K8o2n_MUD98/Tz_tZvL7ohI/AAAAAAAAAas/TGrMpXTzPrw/s400/peta.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><br />
</o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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o:title="Inflation_rate_world"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi Indonesia Tertinggi Kedua di ASEAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thursday, 17 February 2011 JAKARTA(SINDO) – Dengan inflasi tahunan (year on year)yang mencapai 7,02% pada Januari 2011,Indonesia tercatat sebagai negara dengan inflasi tertinggi kedua di antara negara- negara ASEAN.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plt Kepala Badan Kebijakan Fiskal (BKF) Bambang Brodjonegoro mengatakan, inflasi di Indonesia tergolong mengkhawatirkan. Inflasi Indonesia hanya berada di bawah Vietnam yang membukukan inflasi mencapai 11,75%.Sementara negara ASEAN lainnya mencatatkan nilai inflasi lebih rendah yang bervariasi, antara lain Singapura 4,59%, Filipina 3,54%, Thailand 3,03%,dan Malaysia 2,2%.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Ini pekerjaan rumah yang berat untuk kita mengingat krisis pangan masih menghantui perekonomian global,” tutur Bambang di Jakarta kemarin. Dia mengatakan, tekanan inflasi tidak hanya menarik perhatian pemerintah Indonesia, melainkan sudah menjadi isu dunia. Negara maju, termasuk China yang kini di peringkat kedua dalam peta kekuatan ekonomi dunia, turut merasakan tekanan inflasi yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi di China kini mencapai 5%, padahal selama ini perekonomian Negeri Panda tersebut relatif stabil dengan tingkat pertumbuhan dan inflasi yang terjaga. “Ini warning bagi kita semua karena inflasi 7,02% merupakan yang tertinggi sejak dua tahun ke belakang,”tandasnya. Menurut dia,yang harus dijaga dalam upaya pengendalian tekanan inflasi adalah memfokuskan diri pada pengendalian harga dan volume pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dia menjelaskan,dalam upaya menjaga tekanan inflasi, inflasi inti yang saat ini 4,1% perlu terus dipantau. Jika inflasi inti dapat diturunkan hingga kisaran 3%, peluang untuk menjaga tekanan inflasi 5,3% sesuai target di APBN 2011 masih terbuka. “Kalau tanpa faktor anomali iklim, inflasi inti 4,1% memang aman. Namun, dengan kondisi (harga pangan) saat ini, dengan inflasi inti 4,1% termasuk berat,” paparnya. Gejolak harga pangan membuat tekanan inflasi sulit dikendalikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun,pemerintah memprediksi tekanan inflasi bulan ini tidak akan lebih tinggi dibanding Januari 2011.Proyeksi BKF, inflasi bulan ini akan berada pada kisaran 0,3–0,5%. Prediksi rendahnya tekanan inflasi didasarkan pada mulai masuknya musim panen di Indonesia pada Februari–April. Terpisah, Direktur Direktorat Analisis dan Pengembangan Statistik BPS Kecuk Suhariyanto memperkirakan inflasi pada Februari 2011 akan masuk kategori rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi pada bulan ini diperkirakan berada di bawah inflasi Januari 2011. Namun, dia belum mau menyebutkan prediksi BPS untuk inflasi bulan ini. “Kemungkinan inflasi akan di bawah 0,89% (inflasi Januari,) trennya rendah,”ujar Kecuk. Kendati demikian,dengan kondisi gejolak harga komoditas yang masih belum stabil, kemungkinan terjadinya deflasi masih sangat kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dia belum melihat kemungkinan terjadinya deflasi meski saat ini tengah menjelang masa panen raya. Direktur Perencanaan Ekonomi Makro Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (PPN)/Bappenas Bambang Prijambodo juga enggan memaparkan prediksi Bappenas terkait inflasi bulan ini. Alasannya, masih terlalu dini untuk melihat capaian angka inflasi pada pertengahan bulan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bambang menilai,target inflasi 5,3% pada 2011 dalam APBN 2011 sulit direalisasikan. Sebab, ketidakpastian ekonomi global dan gejolak harga komoditas akibat faktor perubahan iklim ekstrem dinilai masih akan mendorong tekanan inflasi. “Inflasi bisa 7%, itu sudah dalam pemahaman banyak pihak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka itu juga sudah mempertimbangkan langkah-langkah pembatasan subsidi bahan bakar minyak (BBM) dan langkah-langkah pemerintah dalam menstabilkan harga di dalam negeri,” ungkapnya. Selain faktor eksternal, karakteristik ekonomi Indonesia secara historikalpunmenunjukkanbahwa tingkat inflasi akan sejalan dengan kinerja pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan kata lain, jika ekonomi tumbuh di atas 6%, sulit untuk menjaga inflasi di bawah 6%. (wisnoe moerti)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data tabel inflasi negara-negara ASEAN 2005 - 2010 :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M5KtFClwOPU/Tz_t9b4--YI/AAAAAAAAAa0/4PoTx6CxZfk/s1600/Data+tabel+inflasi+negara-negara+ASEAN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M5KtFClwOPU/Tz_t9b4--YI/AAAAAAAAAa0/4PoTx6CxZfk/s400/Data+tabel+inflasi+negara-negara+ASEAN.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
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o:title="inflasi+asean"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar negara yang diurutkan dengan Tingkat Inflasi IHK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-61331144635283540292012-02-18T10:24:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:24:48.651-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 4 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 4 )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4WPj4qYVlmo/Tz_sp1fidUI/AAAAAAAAAac/YAk4UVBEvA8/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4WPj4qYVlmo/Tz_sp1fidUI/AAAAAAAAAac/YAk4UVBEvA8/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan asalnya, inflasi dapat digolongkan menjadi dua, yaitu inflasi yang berasal dari dalam negeri dan inflasi yang berasal dari luar negeri. Inflasi berasal dari dalam negeri misalnya terjadi akibat terjadinya defisit anggaran belanja yang dibiayai dengan cara mencetak uang baru dan gagalnya pasar yang berakibat harga bahan makanan menjadi mahal. Sementara itu, inflasi dari luar negeri adalah inflasi yang terjadi sebagai akibat naiknya harga barang impor. Hal ini bisa terjadi akibat biaya produksi barang di luar negeri tinggi atau adanya kenaikan tarif impor barang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi juga dapat dibagi berdasarkan besarnya cakupan pengaruh terhadap harga. Jika kenaikan harga yang terjadi hanya berkaitan dengan satu atau dua barang tertentu, inflasi itu disebut inflasi tertutup (Closed Inflation). Namun, apabila kenaikan harga terjadi pada semua barang secara umum, maka inflasi itu disebut sebagai inflasi terbuka (Open Inflation). Sedangkan apabila serangan inflasi demikian hebatnya sehingga setiap saat harga-harga terus berubah dan meningkat sehingga orang tidak dapat menahan uang lebih lama disebabkan nilai uang terus merosot disebut inflasi yang tidak terkendali (Hiperinflasi).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan keparahannya inflasi juga dapat dibedakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inflasi ringan (kurang dari 10% / tahun)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inflasi sedang (antara 10% sampai 30% / tahun)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inflasi berat (antara 30% sampai 100% / tahun)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hiperinflasi (lebih dari 100% / tahun)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperinflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperinflasi, dalam ilmu ekonomi, adalah inflasi yang tidak terkendali, kondisi ketika harga-harga naik begitu cepat dan nilai uang menurun drastis. Secara formal, hiperinflasi terjadi jika tingkat inflasi lebih dari 50% dalam satu bulan. Sebagai sebuah aturan ibu jari, inflasi biasanya dilaporkan setahun sekali, namun dalam kondisi hiperinflasi, tingkat inflasi dilaporkan dalam interval yang lebih singkat, biasanya satu bulan sekali. Hiperinflasi biasanya muncul ketika adanya peningkatan persediaan uang yang tidak diketahui atau perubahan sistem mata uang secara drastis. Hiperinflasi biasanya dikaitkan dengan perang, depresi ekonomi, dan memanasnya kondisi politik atau sosial suatu negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi diukur dengan menghitung perubahan tingkat persentase perubahan sebuah indeks harga. Indeks harga tersebut di antaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks harga konsumen (IHK) atau consumer price index (CPI), adalah indeks yang mengukur harga rata-rata dari barang tertentu yang dibeli oleh konsumen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks biaya hidup atau cost-of-living index (COLI).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks harga produsen adalah indeks yang mengukur harga rata-rata dari barang-barang yang dibutuhkan produsen untuk melakukan proses produksi. IHP sering digunakan untuk meramalkan tingkat IHK di masa depan karena perubahan harga bahan baku meningkatkan biaya produksi, yang kemudian akan meningkatkan harga barang-barang konsumsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks harga komoditas adalah indeks yang mengukur harga dari komoditas-komoditas tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks harga barang-barang modal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deflator PDB menunjukkan besarnya perubahan harga dari semua barang baru, barang produksi lokal, barang jadi, dan jasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerja dengan gaji tetap sangat dirugikan dengan adanya Inflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi memiliki dampak positif dan dampak negatif- tergantung parah atau tidaknya inflasi. Apabila inflasi itu ringan, justru mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dalam arti dapat mendorong perekonomian lebih baik, yaitu meningkatkan pendapatan nasional dan membuat orang bergairah untuk bekerja, menabung dan mengadakan investasi. Sebaliknya, dalam masa inflasi yang parah, yaitu pada saat terjadi inflasi tak terkendali (hiperinflasi), keadaan perekonomian menjadi kacau dan perekonomian dirasakan lesu. Orang menjadi tidak bersemangat kerja, menabung, atau mengadakan investasi dan produksi karena harga meningkat dengan cepat. Para penerima pendapatan tetap seperti pegawai negeri atau karyawan swasta serta kaum buruh juga akan kewalahan menanggung dan mengimbangi harga sehingga hidup mereka menjadi semakin merosot dan terpuruk dari waktu ke waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi masyarakat yang memiliki pendapatan tetap, inflasi sangat merugikan. Kita ambil contoh seorang pensiunan pegawai negeri tahun 1990. Pada tahun 1990, uang pensiunnya cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, namun di tahun 2003 -atau tiga belas tahun kemudian, daya beli uangnya mungkin hanya tinggal setengah. Artinya, uang pensiunnya tidak lagi cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Sebaliknya, orang yang mengandalkan pendapatan berdasarkan keuntungan, seperti misalnya pengusaha, tidak dirugikan dengan adanya inflasi. Begitu juga halnya dengan pegawai yang bekerja di perusahaan dengan gaji mengikuti tingkat inflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi juga menyebabkan orang enggan untuk menabung karena nilai mata uang semakin menurun. Memang, tabungan menghasilkan bunga, namun jika tingkat inflasi di atas bunga, nilai uang tetap saja menurun. Bila orang enggan menabung, dunia usaha dan investasi akan sulit berkembang. Karena, untuk berkembang dunia usaha membutuhkan dana dari bank yang diperoleh dari tabungan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi orang yang meminjam uang dari bank (debitur), inflasi menguntungkan, karena pada saat pembayaran utang kepada kreditur, nilai uang lebih rendah dibandingkan pada saat meminjam. Sebaliknya, kreditur atau pihak yang meminjamkan uang akan mengalami kerugian karena nilai uang pengembalian lebih rendah jika dibandingkan pada saat peminjaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi produsen, inflasi dapat menguntungkan bila pendapatan yang diperoleh lebih tinggi daripada kenaikan biaya produksi. Bila hal ini terjadi, produsen akan terdorong untuk melipatgandakan produksinya (biasanya terjadi pada pengusaha besar). Namun, bila inflasi menyebabkan naiknya biaya produksi hingga pada akhirnya merugikan produsen, maka produsen enggan untuk meneruskan produksinya. Produsen bisa menghentikan produksinya untuk sementara waktu. Bahkan, bila tidak sanggup mengikuti laju inflasi, usaha produsen tersebut mungkin akan bangkrut (biasanya terjadi pada pengusaha kecil).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum, inflasi dapat mengakibatkan berkurangnya investasi di suatu negara, mendorong kenaikan suku bunga, mendorong penanaman modal yang bersifat spekulatif, kegagalan pelaksanaan pembangunan, ketidakstabilan ekonomi, defisit neraca pembayaran, dan merosotnya tingkat kehidupan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran bank sentral<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank sentral memainkan peranan penting dalam mengendalikan inflasi. Bank sentral suatu negara pada umumnya berusaha mengendalikan tingkat inflasi pada tingkat yang wajar. Beberapa bank sentral bahkan memiliki kewenangan yang independen dalam artian bahwa kebijakannya tidak boleh diintervensi oleh pihak di luar bank sentral -termasuk pemerintah. Hal ini disebabkan karena sejumlah studi menunjukkan bahwa bank sentral yang kurang independen -- salah satunya disebabkan intervensi pemerintah yang bertujuan menggunakan kebijakan moneter untuk mendorong perekonomian -- akan mendorong tingkat inflasi yang lebih tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank sentral umumnya mengandalkan jumlah uang beredar dan/atau tingkat suku bunga sebagai instrumen dalam mengendalikan harga. Selain itu, bank sentral juga berkewajiban mengendalikan tingkat nilai tukar mata uang domestik. Hal ini disebabkan karena nilai sebuah mata uang dapat bersifat internal (dicerminkan oleh tingkat inflasi) maupun eksternal (kurs). Saat ini pola <b>inflation targeting</b> banyak diterapkan oleh bank sentral di seluruh dunia, termasuk oleh Bank Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-6465581267363601672012-02-18T10:22:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:22:33.850-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 3 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 3 )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8QQJRs9POSU/Tz_r9L6S9jI/AAAAAAAAAaU/MANRg7Asa0U/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8QQJRs9POSU/Tz_r9L6S9jI/AAAAAAAAAaU/MANRg7Asa0U/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><br />
</o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INFLASI DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Dan Jenis InflasiI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai definisi tentang inflasi telah dikemukakan oleh para ahli. Nanga (2001: 237) menyatakan bahwa inflasi adalah suatu gejala di mana tingkat harga umum mengalami kenaikan secara terus-menerus. Kenaikan tingkat harga umum yang terjadi sekali waktu saja tidaklah dapat dikatakan sebagai inflasi. Menurut Rahardja (1997: 32) inflasi adalah kecenderungan dari harga-harga untuk meningkat secara umum dan terus-menerus. Kenaikan harga dari satu atau dua barang saja tidak disebut inflasi, tetapi jika kenaikan meluas kepada sebagian besar harga barang-barang maka hal ini disebut inflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara itu Eachern (2000: 133) menyatakan bahwa inflasi adalah kenaikan terus-menerus dalam rata-rata tingkat harga. Jika tingkat harga berfluktuasi, bulan ini naik dan bulan depan turun, setiap adanya kenaikan kerja tidak berarti sebagai inflasi. Sedangkan Sukirno (2004: 27) memberikan definisi bahwa inflasi adalah suatu proses kenaikan harga-harga yang berlaku dalam suatu perekonomian. Selanjutnya BPS (2000: 10) mendefinisikan inflasi sebagai salah satu indikator untuk melihat stabilitas ekonomi suatu wilayah atau daerah yang menunjukkan perkembangan harga barang dan jasa secara umum yang dihitung dari indeks harga konsumen. Dengan demikian angka inflasi sangat mempengaruhi daya beli masyarakat yang berpenghasilan tetap, dan di sisi lain juga mempengaruhi besarnya produksi barang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan berbagai definisi yang telah dikemukakan di atas maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa secara umum inflasi adalah suatu gejala naiknya harga secara terus-menerus (berkelanjutan) terhadap sejumlah barang. Kenaikan yang sifatnya sementara tidak dikatakan inflasi dan kenaikan harga terhadap satu jenis komoditi juga tidak dikatakan inflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa cara yang dikemukakan untuk menggolongkan jenis-jenis inflasi. Penggolongan pertama didasarkan pada parah atau tidaknya inflasi tersebut. Sukirno (2005: 11) membedakan beberapa macam inflasi yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Inflasi Merayap (inflasi yang terjadi sekitar 2-3 persen per tahun)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Inflasi Sederhana (inflasi yang terjadi sekitar 5-8 persen per tahun)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Hiperinflasi (inflasi yang tingkatnya sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan tingkat harga menjadi dua kali lipat atau lebih dalam tempo satu tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan menurut Nanga (2005: 247) dilihat dari tingkat keparahannya, inflasi dapat dipilah dalam tiga kategori: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Inflasi sedang (moderate inflation)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu inflasi yang ditandai dengan harga-harga yang meningkat secara lambat, dan tidak terlalu menimbulkan distorsi pada pendapatan dan harga relatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Inflasi ganas (galloping inflation)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu inflasi yang mencapai antara dua atau tiga digit seperti 20, 100 atau 200 persen per tahun dan dapat menimbulkan gangguan-gangguan serius dalam perekonomian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Hyperinflasi (Hyperinflation)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu tingkat inflasi yang sangat parah, bisa mencapai ribuan bahkan milyar persen per tahun, merupakan jenis yang mematikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis inflasi dilihat dari faktor-faktor penyebab timbulnya (Nanga, 2005: 245):<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Inflasi tarikan permintaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari adanya kenaikan permintaan agregat (AD) yang terlalu besar atau pesat dibandingkan dengan penawaran atau produksi agregat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Inflasi dorongan biaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi yang terjadi sebagai akibat adanya kenaikan biaya produksi yang pesat dibandingkan dengan produktivitas dan efisiensi perusahaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Inflasi struktural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi yang terjadi akibat dari berbagai kendala atau kekakuan struktural yang menyebabkan penawaran menjadi tidak responsif terhadap permintaan yang meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan Inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara sederhana inflasi diartikan sebagai meningkatnya harga-harga secara umum dan terus menerus. Kenaikan harga dari satu atau dua barang saja tidak dapat disebut inflasi kecuali bila kenaikan itu meluas (atau mengakibatkan kenaikan harga) pada barang lainnya. Kebalikan dari inflasi disebut deflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator yang sering digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat inflasi adalah Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK). Perubahan IHK dari waktu ke waktu menunjukkan pergerakan harga dari paket barang dan jasa yang dikonsumsi masyarakat. Sejak Juli 2008, paket barang dan jasa dalam keranjang IHK telah dilakukan atas dasar Survei Biaya Hidup (SBH) Tahun 2007 yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Kemudian, BPS akan memonitor perkembangan harga dari barang dan jasa tersebut secara bulanan di beberapa kota, di pasar tradisional dan modern terhadap beberapa jenis barang/jasa di setiap kota.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator inflasi lainnya berdasarkan international best practice antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks Harga Perdagangan Besar (IHPB). Harga Perdagangan Besar dari suatu komoditas ialah harga transaksi yang terjadi antara penjual/pedagang besar pertama dengan pembeli/pedagang besar berikutnya dalam jumlah besar pada pasar pertama atas suatu komoditas. [Penjelasan lebih detail mengenai IHPB dapat dilihat pada web site Badan Pusat Statistik www.bps.go.id]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deflator Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) menggambarkan pengukuran level harga barang akhir (final goods) dan jasa yang diproduksi di dalam suatu ekonomi (negeri). Deflator PDB dihasilkan dengan membagi PDB atas dasar harga nominal dengan PDB atas dasar harga konstan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengelompokan Inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi yang diukur dengan IHK di Indonesia dikelompokan ke dalam 7 kelompok pengeluaran (berdasarkan the Classification of individual consumption by purpose - COICOP), yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Bahan Makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Makanan Jadi, Minuman, dan Tembakau<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Perumahan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Sandang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Pendidikan dan Olah Raga<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok Transportasi dan Komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat inflasi di dunia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ilmu ekonomi, inflasi adalah suatu proses meningkatnya harga-harga secara umum dan terus-menerus (kontinu) berkaitan dengan mekanisme pasar yang dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain, konsumsi masyarakat yang meningkat, berlebihnya likuiditas di pasar yang memicu konsumsi atau bahkan spekulasi, sampai termasuk juga akibat adanya ketidak lancaran distribusi barang.[1] Dengan kata lain, inflasi juga merupakan proses menurunnya nilai mata uang secara kontinu. Inflasi adalah proses dari suatu peristiwa, bukan tinggi-rendahnya tingkat harga. Artinya, tingkat harga yang dianggap tinggi belum tentu menunjukan inflasi. Inflasi adalah indikator untuk melihat tingkat perubahan, dan dianggap terjadi jika proses kenaikan harga berlangsung secara terus-menerus dan saling pengaruh-memengaruhi. Istilah inflasi juga digunakan untuk mengartikan peningkatan persediaan uang yang kadangkala dilihat sebagai penyebab meningkatnya harga. Ada banyak cara untuk mengukur tingkat inflasi, dua yang paling sering digunakan adalah CPI dan GDP Deflator.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi dapat digolongkan menjadi empat golongan, yaitu inflasi ringan, sedang, berat, dan hiperinflasi. Inflasi ringan terjadi apabila kenaikan harga berada di bawah angka 10% setahun; inflasi sedang antara 10%—30% setahun; berat antara 30%—100% setahun; dan hiperinflasi atau inflasi tak terkendali terjadi apabila kenaikan harga berada di atas 100% setahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi dapat disebabkan oleh dua hal, yaitu tarikan permintaan (kelebihan likuiditas/uang/alat tukar) dan yang kedua adalah desakan(tekanan) produksi dan/atau distribusi (kurangnya produksi (product or service) dan/atau juga termasuk kurangnya distribusi).[rujukan?] Untuk sebab pertama lebih dipengaruhi dari peran negara dalam kebijakan moneter (Bank Sentral), sedangkan untuk sebab kedua lebih dipengaruhi dari peran negara dalam kebijakan eksekutor yang dalam hal ini dipegang oleh Pemerintah (Government) seperti fiskal (perpajakan/pungutan/insentif/disinsentif), kebijakan pembangunan infrastruktur, regulasi, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi tarikan permintaan (Ingg: demand pull inflation) terjadi akibat adanya permintaan total yang berlebihan dimana biasanya dipicu oleh membanjirnya likuiditas di pasar sehingga terjadi permintaan yang tinggi dan memicu perubahan pada tingkat harga. Bertambahnya volume alat tukar atau likuiditas yang terkait dengan permintaan terhadap barang dan jasa mengakibatkan bertambahnya permintaan terhadap faktor-faktor produksi tersebut. Meningkatnya permintaan terhadap faktor produksi itu kemudian menyebabkan harga faktor produksi meningkat. Jadi, inflasi ini terjadi karena suatu kenaikan dalam permintaan total sewaktu perekonomian yang bersangkutan dalam situasi full employment dimanana biasanya lebih disebabkan oleh rangsangan volume likuiditas dipasar yang berlebihan. Membanjirnya likuiditas di pasar juga disebabkan oleh banyak faktor selain yang utama tentunya kemampuan bank sentral dalam mengatur peredaran jumlah uang, kebijakan suku bunga bank sentral, sampai dengan aksi spekulasi yang terjadi di sektor industri keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflasi desakan biaya (Ingg: cost push inflation) terjadi akibat adanya kelangkaan produksi dan/atau juga termasuk adanya kelangkaan distribusi, walau permintaan secara umum tidak ada perubahan yang meningkat secara signifikan. Adanya ketidak-lancaran aliran distribusi ini atau berkurangnya produksi yang tersedia dari rata-rata permintaan normal dapat memicu kenaikan harga sesuai dengan berlakunya hukum permintaan-penawaran, atau juga karena terbentuknya posisi nilai keekonomian yang baru terhadap produk tersebut akibat pola atau skala distribusi yang baru. Berkurangnya produksi sendiri bisa terjadi akibat berbagai hal seperti adanya masalah teknis di sumber produksi (pabrik, perkebunan, dll), bencana alam, cuaca, atau kelangkaan bahan baku untuk menghasilkan produksi tsb, aksi spekulasi (penimbunan), dll, sehingga memicu kelangkaan produksi yang terkait tersebut di pasaran. Begitu juga hal yang sama dapat terjadi pada distribusi, dimana dalam hal ini faktor infrastruktur memainkan peranan yang sangat penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatnya biaya produksi dapat disebabkan 2 hal, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kenaikan harga, misalnya bahan baku dan kenaikan upah/gaji, misalnya kenaikan gaji PNS akan mengakibatkan usaha-usaha swasta menaikkan harga barang-barang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-11292524016059122702012-02-18T10:18:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:18:44.776-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 2 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 2 )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9FO2HY2PrOA/Tz_rQC4tuuI/AAAAAAAAAaM/DGGlTLs24PA/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9FO2HY2PrOA/Tz_rQC4tuuI/AAAAAAAAAaM/DGGlTLs24PA/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f. Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Pengangguran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunnya kualitas pertumbuhan ekonomi tahun 2005-2006 tercermin dari anjloknya daya serap pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap angkatan kerja. Bila di masa lalu setiap 1% pertumbuhan ekonomi mampu menciptakan lapangan kerja hingga 240 ribu maka pada 2005-2006 setiap pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya mampu menghasilkan 40-50 ribu lapangan kerja. Berkurangnya daya serap lapangan kerja berarti meningkatnya penduduk miskin dan tingkat pengangguran. Untuk menekan angka pengangguran dan kemiskinan, pemerintah perlu menyelamatkan industry-industri padat karya dan perbaikan irigasi bagi pertan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Bidang Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ekonomi muncul karena adanya tiga kenyataan berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Kebutuhan manusia relatif tidak terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Sumber daya tersedia secara terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Masing-masing sumber daya mempunyai beberapa alternatif penggunaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ekonomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari perilaku manusia di dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya yang relatif tidak terbatas dengan menggunakan sumber daya yang terbatas dan masing-masing sumber daya mempunyai alternatif penggunaan (opportunity cost).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar ilmu ekonomi dapat dipisahkan menjadi dua yaitu ilmu ekonomi mikro dan ilmu ekonomi makro.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilmu ekonomi makro mempelajari variabel-variabel ekonomi secara agregat (keseluruhan). Variabel-variabel tersebut antara lain : pendapatan nasional, kesempatan kerja dan atau pengangguran, jumlah uang beredar, laju inflasi, pertumbuhan ekonomi, maupun neraca pembayaran internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilmu ekonomi makro mempelajari masalah-masalah ekonomi utama sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Sejauh mana berbagai sumber daya telah dimanfaatkan di dalam kegiatan ekonomi. Apabila seluruh sumber daya telah dimanfaatkan keadaan ini disebut full employment. Sebaliknya bila masih ada sumber daya yang belum dimanfaatkan berarti perekonomian dalam keadaan under employment atau terdapat pengangguran/belum berada pada posisi kesempatan kerja penuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Sejauh mana perekonomian dalam keadaan stabil khususnya stabilitas di bidang moneter. Apabila nilai uang cenderung menurun dalam jangka panjang berarti terjadi inflasi. Sebaliknya terjadi deflasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Sejauh mana perekonomian mengalami pertumbuhan dan pertumbuhan tersebut disertai dengan distribusi pendapatan yang membaik antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pemerataan dalam distribusi pendapatan terdapat trade off maksudnya bila yang satu membaik yang lainnya cenderung memburuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Ekonomi Mikro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sementara ilmu ekonomi mikro mempelajari variabel-variabel ekonomi dalam lingkup kecil misalnya perusahaan, rumah tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ekonomi mikro ini dipelajari tentang bagaimana individu menggunakan sumber daya yang dimilikinya sehingga tercapai tingkat kepuasan yang optimum. Secara teori, tiap individu yang melakukan kombinasi konsumsi atau produksi yang optimum bersama dengan individu-individu lain akan menciptakan keseimbangan dalam skala makro dengan asumsi ceteris paribus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan ekonomi mikro dan ekonomi makro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilihat dari Ekonomi Mikro Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga Harga ialah nilai dari suatu komoditas (barang tertentu saja) Harga adalah nilai dari komoditas secara agregat (keseluruhan)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unit analisis Pembahasan tentang kegiatan ekonomi secara individual. Contohnya permintaan dan dan penawaran, perilaku konsumen, perilaku produsen, pasar, penerimaan, biaya dan laba atau rugi perusahaan Pembahasan tentang kegiatan ekonomisecara keseluruhan. Contohnya pendapatan nasional, pertumbu8han ekonomi, inflasi, pengangguran, investasi dan kebijakan ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan analisis Lebih memfokuskan pada analisis tentang cara mengalokasikan sumber daya agar dapat dicapai kombinasi yang tepat. Lebih memfokuskan pada analisis tentang pengaruh kegiatan ekonomi terhadap perekonomian secara keseluruhan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah-masalah yang dihadapi pemerintah di bidang ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Masalah kemiskinan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Upaua penanggulangan kemiskinan dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai cara, misalnya program IDT (Inpres Desa Tertinggal), KUK (Kredit Usaha Kecil), KMKP (Kredit Modal Kerja Permanen) PKT (Program Kawasan Terpadu), GN-OTA dan program wajib belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Masalah Keterbelangkangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah yang dihadapi adalah rerndahnya tingkat pendapatan dan pemerataannya, rendahnya pelayanan kesehatan, kurang terpeliharanya fasilitas umum, rendahnya tingkat disiplin masyarakat, renddahnya tingkat keterampilan, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan formal, kurangnya modal, produktivitas kerja, lemahnya manajemen usaha. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini pemerintah berupaya meningkatkan kualitas SDM, pertukranan ahli, transper teknologi dari Negara maju.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Masalah pengangguran dan kesempatan kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah pengangguran timbul karena terjadinya ketimpangan antara jumlah angkatan kerja dan kesempatan kerja yang tersedia. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini pemerintah melakukan pelatihan bagi tenaga kerja sehingga tenaga kerja memeiliki keahlian sesuai dengan lapangan kerja yang tersedia, pembukaan investasi baru, terutama yang bersifat padat karya, pemberian informasi yang cepat mengenai lapangan kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Masalah kekurangan modal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan modal adalah suatu cirri penting setiap Negara yang memulai proses pembangunan. Kekurangan modal disebabkan tingkat pendapatan masyarakat yang rendah yang menyebabkan tabungan dan tingkat pembentukan modal sedikit. Cara mengatasinya memlaui peningkatan kualitas SDM atau peningkatan investasi menjadi lebih produktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran dan Fungsi Pemerintah di Bidang Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Fungsi stabilisasi, yaitu fungsi pemerintah dalam menciptakan kestabilan ekonomi, sosial politik, hokum, pertahanan dan keamanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Fungsi alokasi, yaitu fungsi pemerintah sebagai penyedia barang dan jasa public, seperti pembangunan jalan raya, gedung sekolah, penyediaan fasilitas penerangan, dan telepon.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Fungsi distribusi, yaitu fungsi pemerintah dalam pemerataan atau distribusi pendapatan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-35606225552851299072012-02-18T10:14:00.000-08:002012-02-18T10:14:41.267-08:00I N F L A S I DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro ( 1 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">I N F L A S I<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"> DAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Permasalahan Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;">( 1 )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A5n_n6DDTdE/Tz_pwrU1rUI/AAAAAAAAAZ8/9MCCqzNFmFc/s1600/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="45" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A5n_n6DDTdE/Tz_pwrU1rUI/AAAAAAAAAZ8/9MCCqzNFmFc/s320/inflasi+-+Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekonomi makro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekonomi makro atau makroekonomi adalah studi tentang ekonomi secara keseluruhan. Makroekonomi menjelaskan perubahan ekonomi yang memengaruhi banyak rumah tangga (household), perusahaan, dan pasar. Ekonomi makro dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis cara terbaik untuk memengaruhi target-target kebijaksanaan seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, stabilitas harga, tenaga kerja dan pencapaian keseimbangan neraca yang berkesinambungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asal Mula Konsep-konsep Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hingga 1930 sebagian besar analisis ekonomi terfokus pada industri dan perusahaan. Ketika terjadi Depresi Besar pada tahun 1930-an, dan dengan perkembangan konsep pendapatan nasional dan statistik produk, bidang ekonomi makro mulai berkembang. Saat itu, gagasan-gagasan yang terutama berasal dari John Maynard Keynes, yang menggunakan konsep aggregate demand untuk menjelaskan fluktuasi antara hasil produksi dan tingkat pengangguran, sangat berpengaruh dalam perkembangan bidang ini. Keynesianisme didasarkan pada gagasan-gagasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Analitik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembedaan tradisional adalah antara dua pendekatan berbeda ke ekonomi: ekonomi Keynesian, memusatkan pada permintaan; dan ekonomi sisi-penyediaan (atau neo-klasik) yang memusatkan pada persediaan. Keduanya tidak bisa berjalan sendiri, namun ini hanya permasalahan penekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan dalam Ekonomi Makro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">kemiskinanan dan pemerataan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">krisis nilai tukar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">hutang luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">perbankan, kredit macet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">pertumbuhan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengangguran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mm-Co2phUa0/Tz_p6CVZ1SI/AAAAAAAAAaE/qOfAMb85ntg/s1600/circular+flow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="365" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mm-Co2phUa0/Tz_p6CVZ1SI/AAAAAAAAAaE/qOfAMb85ntg/s400/circular+flow.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERMASALAHAN EKONOMI MAKRO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 82.85pt center 3.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERMASALAHAN EKONOMI MAKRO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 82.85pt center 3.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Masalah Kemiskinan dan Pemerataan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada akhir tahun 1996 jumlah penduduk miskin Indonesia sebesar 22,5 juta jiwa atau sekitar 11,4% dari jumlah seluruh penduduk Indonesia. Namun, sebagai akibat dari krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan sejak pertengahan tahun 1997, jumlah penduduk miskin pada akhir tahun itu melonjak menjadi sebesar 47 juta jiwa atau sekitar 23,5% dari jumlah keseluruhan penduduk Indonesia. Pada akhir tahun 2000, jumlah penduduk miskin turun sedikit menjadi sebesar 37,3 juta jiwa atau sekitar 19% dari jumlah seluruh penduduk Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari segi distribusi pendapatan nasional, penduduk Indonesia berada dalam kemiskinan. Sebagian besar kekayaan banyak dimiliki kelompok berpenghasilan besar atau kelompok kaya Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Krisis Nilai Tukar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Krisis mata uang yang telah mengguncang Negara-negara Asia pada awal tahun 1997, akhirnya menerpa perekonomian Indonesia. Nilai tukar rupiah yang semula dikaitkan dengan dolar AS secara tetap mulai diguncang spekulan yang menyebabkan keguncangan pada perekonomian yang juga sangat tergantung pada pinjaman luar negeri sector swasta. Pemerintah menghadapi krisis nilai tukar ini dengan melakukan intervensi di pasar untuk menyelamatkan cadangan devisayang semakin menyusut. Pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan nilai tukar yang mengambang bebas sebagai pengganti kebijakan nilai tukar yang mengambang terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Masalah Utang Luar Negeri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan nilai tukar yang mengambang terkendali pada saat sebelum krisis ternyata menyimpan kekhawatiran. Depresiasi penurunan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap mata uang asing terutama dolar ASyang relative tetap dari tahun ke tahun menyebabkan sebagian besar utang luar negeri tidak dilindungi dengan fasilitas lindung nilai (hedging) sehingga pada saat krisis nilai tukar terjadi dalam sekejap nilai utang tersebut membengkak. Pada tahun1997, besarnya utang luar negeri tercatat 63% dari PDB dan pada tahun 1998 melambung menjadi 152% dari PDB.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengatasi ini, pemerintah melakukan penjadwalan ulang utang luar negeri dengan pihak peminjam. Pemerintah juga menggandeng lembaga-lembaga keuangan internasional untuk membantu menyelesaikan masalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Masalah Perbankan dan Kredit Macet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya utang luar negeri mengakibatkan permasalahan selanjutnya pada system perbankan. Banyak usaha yang macet karena meningkatnya beban utang mengakibatkan semakin banyaknya kredit yang macet sehingga beberapa bank mengalami kesulitan likuiditas. Kesulitan likuiditas makin parah ketika sebagian masyarakat kehilangan kepercayaannya terhadap sejumlah bank sehingga terjadi penarikan dana oleh masyarakat secarabesar-besaran (rush).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Goncangan yang terjadi pada system perbankan menimbulkan goncangan yang lebih besar pada system perbankan secara keseluruhan, sehingga perekonomian juga akan terseret ke jurang kehancuran. Alasan-alasan di atas menyebabkan pemerintah memutuskan untuk menyelamatkan bank-bankyang mengalami masalah likuiditas tersebut dengan memberikan bantuan likuiditas. Namun untuk mengendalikan laju inflasi, bank sentral harus menarik kembali uang tersebut melalui operasi pasar terbuka. Hal ini dilakukan dengan meningkatnya suku bunga SBI. Kebijakan ini kemudian menimbulkan dilema karena peningkatan suku bunga menyebabkan beban bagi para peminjam (debitor). Akibatnya tingkat kredit macet di system perbankan meningkat dengan pesat. Dilema semakin kompleks di saat system perbankan mencoba mempertahankan likuiditasyang mereka miliki dengan meningkatkan suku bungan simpanan melebihi suku bunga pinjaman sehingga mereka mengalami kerugian yang berakibat pengikisan modal yang mereka miliki.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Masalah Inflasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah inflasi yang terjadi di Indonesia tidak terlepas kaitannya dengan masalah krisis nilai tukar rupiah dan krisis perbankan yang selama ini terjadi. Pada tahun 2004 tingkat inflasi Indonesia pernah mencapai angka 10,5%. Ini terjadi karena harga barang-barang terus naik sebagai akibat dari dorongan permintaan yang tinggi. Tingginya laju inflasi tersebut jelas melebihi sasaran inflasi BI sehingga BI perlu melakukan pengetatan di bidang moneter. Pengetatan moneter tidak dapat dilakukan secara drastic dan berlebihan karena akan mengancam kelangsungan proses penyehatan perbankan dan program restrukturisasi perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-8787054581703364602011-12-02T02:48:00.000-08:002011-12-02T03:08:54.784-08:00Paul A. Samuelson<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Paul A. Samuelson<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2tHh3CznEH0/Ttisj7et9NI/AAAAAAAAAZI/vrAlpsqth9c/s1600/Paul+samuelson+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2tHh3CznEH0/Ttisj7et9NI/AAAAAAAAAZI/vrAlpsqth9c/s1600/Paul+samuelson+1.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paul Anthony Samuelson (lahir di Gary, Indiana. Amerika Serikat, 15 Mei 1915;) ialah ekonom Amerika Serikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ia menerima gelar doktor dari Universitas Harvard. Ia adalah orang Amerika Serikat pertama yang memenangkan Hadiah Nobel di bidang Ekonomi, yang dihadiahkan kepadanya pada1970 untuk kerja ilmiah dalam mengembangkan teori ekonomi statis dan dinamis serta berperan aktif dalam meningkatkan tingkat analisis di bidang ilmu ekonomi. Ia adalah presidenAmerian Economic Association pada 1961 dan telah mengajar ekonomi di Massechusetts Institute of Technology sejak 1940. Ia juga memenangkan John Bates Clark Award pada 1947, yang dihadiahkan untuk karya paling menonjol oleh seorang ekonom di bawah usia 40.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Samuelson terkenal karena bukunya Foundations of Economic Analysis, yang secara besar-besaran menambah penggunaan matematika dalam ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vMk-196rnb4/TtistCPixQI/AAAAAAAAAZQ/aAoLUr5xECA/s1600/paul_samuelson_20091215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vMk-196rnb4/TtistCPixQI/AAAAAAAAAZQ/aAoLUr5xECA/s320/paul_samuelson_20091215.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paul A. Samuelson<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: -2.0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lahir : 15 Mei 1915 (umur 96) Gary, Indiana. Amerika Serikat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Warga negara : Amerika Serikat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang : Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Institusi :Institut Teknologi Massachusetts<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: -2.0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alma mater :Universitas Harvard (Ph.D.), Universitas Chicago (B.A.)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembimbing doktoral :Edwin Bidwell Wilson<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: -2.0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dikenal atas :Matematika ekonomi, Metodologi ekonomi, Teori Revealed preference, Teori Perdagangan internasional, Teori Pertumbuhan ekonomi, Teori Barang publik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penghargaan :John Bates Clark Medal (1947)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penghargaan Nobel : Dalam bidang Ekonomi (1970)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/pSsyozKpHHU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Paul Anthony Samuelson</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artikek Terkait :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</span></span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Paul</span></b><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="float: none;">_</span></span></span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Samuelson</span></b></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://nobelprize.org/">nobelprize.org</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blogs.outlookindia.com/">blogs.outlookindia.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-23470665341557120762011-11-26T07:52:00.000-08:002011-11-26T07:56:42.007-08:00Free Download &Tutorial MYOB ( 2 )<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;"><br />
</span></b></h1><h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;">Tutorial MYOB ( 2 )</span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-40EPDWnZFEA/TtD31sd-J7I/AAAAAAAAAWA/pkOBOrrg18g/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-40EPDWnZFEA/TtD31sd-J7I/AAAAAAAAAWA/pkOBOrrg18g/s320/images+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Membuat Data Baru (Create new company file)<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Berikut ini kita akan belajar membuat data baru dari suatu perusahaan jasa dengan contoh kasus yang sederhana, yaitu hanya mencatat transaksi harian melalui jurnal umum, pembayaran biaya-biaya dan pendapatan lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ilustrasi Kasus & Masalah :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PT. PONIMAN CONSULTANT, merupakan sebuah perusahaan jasa konsultasi yang menangani konsultasi tentang akuntansi, keuangan, manajemen, IT computer dan yang berhubungan dengan ruang lingkup dibidang keuangan. Didirikan sejak tahun 2000 dan mulai menggunakan MYOB pada bulan Maret 2005. Berikut ini beberapa transaksi yang dilakukan selama bulan Maret – April – Mei 2005. Periode pembukuan yang digunakan adalah periode dari bulan Maret 2005 sampai dengan Pebruari 2006 (untuk tahun pertama, dan untuk tahun kedua dan seterusnya menggunakan periode bulan yang sama).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-64umUrRgVcg/TtD4bvHoVmI/AAAAAAAAAWI/CzxgZW_2qeE/s1600/Pembuatan+Latihan+Program+MYOB.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-64umUrRgVcg/TtD4bvHoVmI/AAAAAAAAAWI/CzxgZW_2qeE/s640/Pembuatan+Latihan+Program+MYOB.png" width="640" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> </span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pembuatan Folder Latihan MYOB</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buka program Windows Explorer dengan cara : klik mouse kanan pada menu <b><i>Start</i></b>, lalu klik <b><i>Explore</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik tulisan <b><i>Hardisk (C:)</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">lalu klik menu <b><i>File</i></b>, pilih <b><i>New</i></b>, pilih <b><i>Folder</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ketikkan <b>DATA</b> lalu tekan <b><i>Enter</i></b> pada area folder yang baru saja dibuatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selanjutnya double klik Folder <b>DATA</b>, yang baru dibuat tadi,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik menu <b><i>File</i></b>, pilih <b><i>New</i></b>, pilih <b><i>Folder</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ketikkan Nama Anda masing-masing pada area folder yang baru dibuat, misalnya : <b>LUTHFI MAHMUDI</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2Zr42CMANI/TtD5aWVM4QI/AAAAAAAAAWQ/pWG_Xs_I2Gs/s1600/Note.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2Zr42CMANI/TtD5aWVM4QI/AAAAAAAAAWQ/pWG_Xs_I2Gs/s1600/Note.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sehingga tampil dilayar secara lengkap beberapa nama yang sudah ada didalam folder tersebut seperti contoh gambar berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Note : <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 30px; position: absolute; width: 98px; z-index: 11;"></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jika di computer masing-masing sudah tersedia folder DATA, maka anda tidak perlu lagi membuat folder DATA, tetapi cukup anda buatkan satu folder dengan nama kalian masing-masing. Jangan mengganti, merubah nama folder yang bukan nama anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pembuatan Perusahaan Baru di MYOB<i>:</i></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UQuSVxCO1ug/TtD5v0JJQ4I/AAAAAAAAAWY/LZkFf_SqiZQ/s1600/Pembuatan+Perusahaan+Baru+di+MYOB.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UQuSVxCO1ug/TtD5v0JJQ4I/AAAAAAAAAWY/LZkFf_SqiZQ/s320/Pembuatan+Perusahaan+Baru+di+MYOB.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buka Program MYOB Accounting v15/Premier 9<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pilih <b>Create new company file</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">muncul layar konfirmasi bagian pertama : <b><i>Introduction</i></b>, klik <b><i>Next</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">muncul layar konfirmasi bagian kedua : <b><i>Company Information</i></b>, isikan nama (HARUS DIISI) dan alamat perusahaan (boleh tidak diisi). <b><i>Company No</i></b> : NPWP (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak), <b><i>VAT No</i></b> : NPPKP (Nomor Pengukuhan Pengusaha Kena Pajak).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik <b><i>Next</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YtEKZWLkbRI/TtD6dc7jCTI/AAAAAAAAAWg/U30-YstP_so/s1600/Current+Financial+Year.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YtEKZWLkbRI/TtD6dc7jCTI/AAAAAAAAAWg/U30-YstP_so/s320/Current+Financial+Year.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">muncul layar konfirmasi ke tiga : <b><i>Accounting Information</i></b>, yaitu menentukan periode tahun, awal bulan buku, akhir bulan buku dan jumlah periode dalam satu tahun buku.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Current Financial Year : <b><i>2006</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Last Month Financial Year : <b><i>February</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Convertion Month : <b><i>March</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Accounting Periods : <b><i>Twelve</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik <b><i>Next</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">muncul layer konfirmasi ke-empat, yang menanyakan keyakinan anda dalam memilih periode akuntansi, karena sekali periode tersebut ditetapkan dalam sebuah data file, maka kita tidak bisa menggantinya.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Next</i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7ZbluKw0aEU/TtD6w8YSnFI/AAAAAAAAAWo/HP0vapLKQ60/s1600/Account+List.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="108" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7ZbluKw0aEU/TtD6w8YSnFI/AAAAAAAAAWo/HP0vapLKQ60/s320/Account+List.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">10.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="height: 54px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 40px; position: absolute; width: 78px; z-index: 15;"></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">muncul layer konfirmasi ke-lima, <b><i>Account List</i></b>, yang menanyakan apakah akan membuat daftar akun dari sample akun MYOB, import setelah membuat data baru, atau mau membuat desain sendiri. Dalam hal ini disarankan memilih yang kedua. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">11.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik <b><i>Next</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgQkoX-CoYg/TtD74SYSPrI/AAAAAAAAAWw/SADwpPkYW1w/s1600/11+klik+Next.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgQkoX-CoYg/TtD74SYSPrI/AAAAAAAAAWw/SADwpPkYW1w/s640/11+klik+Next.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mczW1BJSzbc/TtD-QygNtfI/AAAAAAAAAW4/LtkaUbsgg4o/s1600/Change.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mczW1BJSzbc/TtD-QygNtfI/AAAAAAAAAW4/LtkaUbsgg4o/s320/Change.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">12.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="height: 127px; left: 0px; margin-left: 144px; margin-top: 77px; position: absolute; width: 269px; z-index: 18;"></span><span style="height: 106px; left: 0px; margin-left: 277px; margin-top: 147px; position: absolute; width: 336px; z-index: 22;"></span><span style="height: 112px; left: 0px; margin-left: 275px; margin-top: 156px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 23;"></span><span style="height: 101px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 156px; position: absolute; width: 79px; z-index: 20;"></span><span style="height: 66px; left: 0px; margin-left: 475px; margin-top: 84px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 19;"></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selanjutnya muncul konfirmasi yang menanyakan nama file dan tempat file baru akan diletakkan. Klik tombol <b><i>Change</i></b>, untuk menempatkan filenya pada data folder masing-masing yang telah dibuatkan pada langkah sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">13.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik <b><i>Next</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">14.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Proses pembuatan file baru akan diproses sebentar, lalu klik <b><i>Command Centre</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Daftar Akun (Account List)</span></b></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cmUzfz7vWE8/TtD_EFtnWkI/AAAAAAAAAXA/dhTdIp2Tmgo/s1600/Daftar+Akun+%2528Account+List%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cmUzfz7vWE8/TtD_EFtnWkI/AAAAAAAAAXA/dhTdIp2Tmgo/s640/Daftar+Akun+%2528Account+List%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selesai membuat data baru dengan pilihan akun : Import setelah selesai membuat file baru, secara otomatis MYOB memberikan akun otomatis yang tidak bisa di hapus, tetapi nomor akunnya masih bisa diganti dengan nomor yang lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nomor akun tersebut seperti berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kita masih bisa mendesain sendiri nomor akun dan namanya sesuai dengan kebutuhan perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nomor akun yang pada kolom Linked diberikan tanda check mark (</span><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2';">P</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">), tidak bisa di hapus melainkan hanya bisa diganti nomor akun dan namanya saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Type Akun MYOB:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB membagi type akun menjadi 8 kelompok besar yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.2in;" valign="top" width="403"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kelompok Laporan Balance Sheet<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 192.8pt;" valign="top" width="257"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kelompok Laporan Profit & Loss<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.2in;" valign="top" width="403"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1-0000 Asset (dibagi lagi menjadi : Bank, Account Receivable, Other Current Assets, Fixed Assets dan Other Assets)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2-0000 Liability (dibagi lagi menjadi: <i>Credit Card, Account Payable, Other Current Liability, Long Term Liability </i>dan<i> Other Liability</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3-0000 Equity<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 192.8pt;" valign="top" width="257"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4-0000 Income<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5-0000 Cost Of Sales<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6-0000 Expenses<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8-0000 Other Income<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9-0000 Other Expenses</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Contoh Desain Daftar Akun:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">No & Nama Akun Klasifikasi Type Header/ Type of<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: black; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Detail Cash Flow<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">1-0000 Assets Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1000 Current Asset Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1100 Cash & Bank Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1101 Cash on Hand<i> </i> <i>Asset Bank Detail -</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1103 Bank XYZ <i>Asset Bank Detail -</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1200 Piutang Usaha Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1201 Piutang Usaha IDR <i>Asset Account Receivable Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1300 Harta Lancar Lainnya Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1301 Sewa Dibayar Dimuka <i>Asset Other C. Asset Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1302 Perlengkapan <i>Asset Other C. Asset Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1399 Lain-lain Dibayar Dimuka <i>Asset Other C. Asset Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2000 Aktiva Tetap Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2100 Nilai Buku Peralatan Kantor Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2101 Peralatan Kantor <i>Asset Fixed Asset Detail Investing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2102 Akum Penyust Peralatan Kantor <i>Asset Fixed Asset Detail Investing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2200 Nilai Buku Furniture & Fixture Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2201 Furniture & Fixture <i>Asset Fixed Asset Detail Investing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-2202 Akum Penyust Furniture & Fixture <i>Asset Fixed Asset Detail Investing<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">2-0000 Liability Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1000 Hutang Lancar Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1100 Hutang Usaha Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1101 Hutang Usaha IDR <i>Liability Account Payable Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1200 Hutang Biaya Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1201 Hutang Gaji <i>Liability Other C. Liability Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1202 Hutang Sewa <i>Liability Other C. Liability Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1299 Hutang Biaya Lainnya <i>Liability Other C. Liability Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1300 Hutang Pajak Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1301 PPN Keluaran <i>Liability Other C. Liability Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1302 PPN Masukan <i>Liability Other C. Liability Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-1303 Hutang Pajak Penghasilan <i>Liability Other C. Liability Detail Operating</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-2000 Hutang Jangka Panjang Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-2100 Hutang Bank Liability Liability Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 2-2101 Hutang Bank EMPUK <i>Liability Long Term Liability Detail Financing<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">3-0000 Equity Equity Equity Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 3-0100 Modal Pak PONIMAN <i>Equity Equity Detail Financing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 3-0200 Prive Pak Poniman <i>Equity Equity Detail Financing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 3-0800 Laba Ditahan (Retained Earning) <i>Equity Equity Detail Financing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 3-0900 Laba Tahun Ini (Current Earning) <i>Equity Equity Detail Financing</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 3-0999 Selisih Saldo Awal (Historical Balancing) <i>Equity Equity Detail Financing<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">4-0000 Income Income Income Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 4-1000 Pendapatan Jasa Manajemen <i>Income Income Detail<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 4-2000 Pendapatan Jasa Akuntansi <i>Income Income Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 4-3000 Pendapatan Jasa Konsultasi Lainnya <i>Income Income Detail<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">5-0000 Cost of Sales Cost of Sales Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">6-0000 Expense Expense Expense Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-1000 Biaya Langsung Expense Expense Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-1001 Biaya Reservasi Lapangan <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-1002 Biaya Transportasi & Akomodasi <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-1003 <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2000 </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Biaya Upah Konsultan <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-1999 Biaya Langsung Lainnya<b> Biaya Administrasi & Umum<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2001 Beban Gaji & Upah Kantor & Umum <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2002 Beban Listrik, Air & Telepon <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2003 Beban Pemeliharaan Aktiva Tetap <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2004 Beban Sewa <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2005 Beban Perlengkapan <i>Expense Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 6-2999 Beban Adm & Umum Lainnya <i>Expense Expense Detail<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 387.0pt 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">8-0000 Other Income Other Income Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 8-1000 Pendapatan Bunga Other Income<i> Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9D9D9; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">9-0000 Other Expense Other Expenses Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 9-1000 Beban Bunga <i>Other Expense Detail</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 2.0in 3.5in 4.25in 5.5in 6.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow', sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 9-2000 Pajak Penghasilan Badan <i>Other Expense Detail</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Level Akun di MYOB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB membagi tingkatan akun dalam 4 level seperti digambarkan berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fRfTlQXZrHg/TtD_Z5WzfmI/AAAAAAAAAXI/_190a2da-r8/s1600/Level+Akun+di+MYOB.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fRfTlQXZrHg/TtD_Z5WzfmI/AAAAAAAAAXI/_190a2da-r8/s640/Level+Akun+di+MYOB.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 189.0pt 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">1-0000 Assets Level 1 Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 189.0pt 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1000 Current Asset Level 2 Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 189.0pt 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1100 Cash & Bank Level 3 Asset Asset Header<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 189.0pt 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1101 Cash on Hand Level 4 <i>Asset Bank Detail -<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 189.0pt 3.5in 297.0pt 5.5in right 484.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"> 1-1102 Bank ABC Level 4 <i>Asset Bank Detail -</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Akun dari Level 3 akan dijadikan ke level 2 (Naik Level) bisa dilakukan dengan menekan tombol UP, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TKKrq-vtu1I/TtD_2DEMZzI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/Hmp0CQO8S5Y/s1600/up.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TKKrq-vtu1I/TtD_2DEMZzI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/Hmp0CQO8S5Y/s1600/up.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sebaliknya akun dari level 2 akan dijadikan ke level 3 (turun level) juga bisa dilakukan dengan menekan tombol DOWN</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YxPpqzHxLxY/TtEAXRgH01I/AAAAAAAAAXY/scsWt1_4y1M/s1600/down.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YxPpqzHxLxY/TtEAXRgH01I/AAAAAAAAAXY/scsWt1_4y1M/s1600/down.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Membuat Akun Baru di MYOB</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xPhq8hTJIqw/TtEAf2QhYnI/AAAAAAAAAXg/vJ3QwecZRSg/s1600/new.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xPhq8hTJIqw/TtEAf2QhYnI/AAAAAAAAAXg/vJ3QwecZRSg/s1600/new.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buka modul <b>Accounts</b>, pilih <b>Accounts List</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah muncul form Account List, click <b>New</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lalu tetapkan status akun sebagai induk atau yang bisa dijurnal (<b>Header</b> atau <b>Detail</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk tipe <b>Header</b>, pilih Account Classification (ada 8 pilihan account : <b><i>Asset, Liability, Equity, Income, Cost of Sales, Expense, Other Income & Other Expense</i></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk akun dengan status Detail, dan sebagai Asset dan Liability harus ditentukan lagi Account type (bagian dari akun tersebut). Seperti untuk Assets masih ada pilihan : Bank, AR, Other C Asset, Fixed Asset dan Other Asset. Sementara untuk kelompok Liability terbagi lagi menjadi Credit Card, AP, Other C. Liability, Long Term Liability dan Other Liability.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Account Number</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> : ketikkan nomor account (hanya 4 digit terakhir, karena digit pertama otomatis diberikan MYOB sesuai dengan Klasifikasi Akun yang dipilih)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ketikkan <b>Account Name</b> : nama account<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Opening Balance : saldo awal account (hanya untuk akun yang statusnya DETAIL)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2lXieix6BmQ/TtEA-CPLINI/AAAAAAAAAXo/Q0XRtumIAqM/s1600/contoh.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="440" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2lXieix6BmQ/TtEA-CPLINI/AAAAAAAAAXo/Q0XRtumIAqM/s640/contoh.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mengganti Akun di MYOB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buka modul <b>Accounts</b>, pilih <b>Accounts List</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah muncul form Account List, double klik ACCOUNT yang akan diganti<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lalu lakukan perubahan akun, seperti merubah Nomor Akun, Merubah Nama Akun, merubah Type Cash Flow di akun dan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Account Classification tidak dapat diganti lagi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kalau terdapat kesalahan dalam menentukan Klasifikasi akun, harus dilakukan penghapusan atas akun tersebut, dan membuat akun baru yang benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lakukan perubahan beberapa nomor Akun berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kelompok Assets : <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1-0100 Cheque Account---------------> 1-1199 Kas Pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 1-0150 Undeposited Funds------------> 1-1198 Kas Belum Disetorkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 1-0200 Trade Debtors------------------> 1-1299 Piutang Usaha Lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kelompok Liability :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 2-0200 Trade Creditors ----------------> 2-1199 Hutang Usaha Lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Menghapus Akun di MYOB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buka modul <b>Accounts</b>, pilih <b>Accounts List</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah muncul form Account List, double klik ACCOUNT yang akan dihapus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik menu <b><i>Edit</i></b> (kiri atas layer monitor), lalu klik <b><i>Delete Account</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Akan muncul konfirmasi, klik YES. Akun yang tidak bisa di hapus adalah akun yang terhubung dengan linked account serta yang sudah pernah digunakan untuk melakukan transaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lakukan penghapusan beberapa nomor Akun berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kelompok Liability :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 2-0300 Payroll Liabilities <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kelompok Expenses :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 6-0100 Wages & Salaries<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 6-0200 Other Employer Expenses<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="height: 187px; left: 0px; margin-left: 116px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 365px; z-index: 2;"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif;"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Melihat Laporan Daftar Akun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buka tombol <b>Reports</b>, pilih <b>Accounts </b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Akan muncul form <b>Index to Reports</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pada bagian Tab Accounts, pilih <b>Account List Summary</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik tombol <b>Customise</b> (bagian bawah) lalu pilih pada bagian <b>Finishing</b>, dan aktifkan pilihan <b>Include Account Number</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik <b>Display</b>.</span></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-azNMs3jytS8/TtEBv_imybI/AAAAAAAAAXw/6idIqlZ53a4/s1600/Melihat+Laporan+Daftar+Akun.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-azNMs3jytS8/TtEBv_imybI/AAAAAAAAAXw/6idIqlZ53a4/s640/Melihat+Laporan+Daftar+Akun.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk melihat daftar akun secara lengkap (Detail), pilih jenis report : <b>Account List Detail</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik <b>Customise</b>,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pilih bagian Finishing, lalu aktifkan pilihan <b>Include $0,00 Balance</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik <b>Display</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk menampilkan dalam format Excel, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik menu <b>Send To</b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">lalu pilih <b>Excel</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RTLUYXfakVs/TtEFZ_wORDI/AAAAAAAAAX4/01HDJ_xXWHo/s1600/lalu+pilih+Excel.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RTLUYXfakVs/TtEFZ_wORDI/AAAAAAAAAX4/01HDJ_xXWHo/s640/lalu+pilih+Excel.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk melihat daftar akun secara lengkappilih jenis report : <b>Account List Detail</b>. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Customise</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pilih bagian Finishing, lalu aktifkan pilihan </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Include $0,00 Balance</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Display</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk menampilkan </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">dalam format Excel, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik menu </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Send To</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">lalu pilih </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Excel</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Aws-Pg0VAks/TtEG-3lFcAI/AAAAAAAAAYA/GgmpRjCxRZk/s1600/Contoh+tampilan+layer+Account+List+%255BDetail%255D+%25E2%2580%2593+Screen+Report.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="361" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Aws-Pg0VAks/TtEG-3lFcAI/AAAAAAAAAYA/GgmpRjCxRZk/s640/Contoh+tampilan+layer+Account+List+%255BDetail%255D+%25E2%2580%2593+Screen+Report.png" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 59px; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 48;"></span><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128px; margin-top: 48px; position: absolute; width: 112px; z-index: 46;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contoh tampilan layer Account List [Detail] – <b>Screen Report</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ngnlJV8zNHM/TtEHQEfTKEI/AAAAAAAAAYI/OSBdgmrsC28/s1600/Contoh+tampilan+layer+Account+List+%255BDetail%255D+%25E2%2580%2593+Print+Preview.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="450" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ngnlJV8zNHM/TtEHQEfTKEI/AAAAAAAAAYI/OSBdgmrsC28/s640/Contoh+tampilan+layer+Account+List+%255BDetail%255D+%25E2%2580%2593+Print+Preview.png" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contoh tampilan layer Account List [Detail] – <b>Print Preview</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_401923163"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vdVASvYkNf0/TtEHpZHl2UI/AAAAAAAAAYQ/lSsjEMXhJpU/s200/free-download-button-thumb6733199.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_401923163"><o:p></o:p></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://myobindonesia.wordpress.com/download/" target="_blank">Free Trial DownloadMYOB</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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</o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sumber terkait :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">http://myobindonesia.wordpress.com/download/</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<a href="http://namakuagussuhendi.blogspot.com/2011/11/free-download-myob-1.html" style="background-color: white; color: #2288bb; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -15px;">Free Download &Tutorial MYOB ( 1 )</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-63360600441751655012011-11-26T06:26:00.000-08:002011-11-26T08:00:13.937-08:00Free Download &Tutorial MYOB ( 1 )<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;">Tutorial MYOB ( 1 )<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G2D2iA5KNeM/TtDqPDjk1jI/AAAAAAAAAUA/ssgt-pWWe4E/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G2D2iA5KNeM/TtDqPDjk1jI/AAAAAAAAAUA/ssgt-pWWe4E/s320/images+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">MYOB</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Banyaknya software yang beredar dipasaran saat ini, khususnya dibidang Akuntansi membuat anda harus hati-hati untuk menentukan software yang mana yang akan anda gunakan. MYOB (Minding Your Own Business) Accounting merupakan salah satu pilihan yang dapat anda terapkan pada perusahaan anda. Dibuat di Australia oleh MYOB Limited dan telah dikembangkan untuk beberapa wilayah regional seperti untuk wilayah New Zeland, Canada, Eropa dan Asia. Wilayah Asia meliputi Malaysia, Singapore, Filipina, Thailand, Indonesia, Srilanka, Cina, dan wilayah Asia lainnya, cocok untuk usaha menengah kebawah, serta harga yang terjangkau dan laporan keuangan yang lengkap. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Beberapa macam MYOB yang telah dikeluarkan untuk wilayah Asia diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Business Basic (hanya tersedia modul : Accounts, Banking & Sales)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Accounting (modul Accounts, Banking, Sales, Purchases, Inventory & Card : Single User).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Assets Manager (untuk mencatat dan mengorganisir Aktiva Tetap)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Retail Manager (untuk mencatat transaksi penjualan POS : Point of Sale).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Accounting Premier (modul terlengkap dengan multi Currency & Multi User)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feature dan Keunggulan MYOB</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">User Friendly dengan tampilan multi Tasking under Windows<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Digit Mata uang yang sampai 14 digit (99.999.999.999.999,99) dan 2 desimal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk transaksi mata uang asing bisa mencatat kurs dengan 6 desimal (6 angka dibelakang koma)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tampilan symbol mata uang dapat didesain sendiri dengan Control Panel - Regional Setting Windows, begitu juga format tampilan tanggal (MYOB Accounting), dan dapat membuat nama mata uang serta symbol setiap mata uang local maupun asing (MYOB Premier).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Semua laporan dapat dieksplore langsung keprogram Excel, dan dapat disimpan *.TXT, HTML <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dapat mengimport data dari program lain (*.TXT)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Menyediakan sample rekening untuk 105 jenis perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fungsi Job List [Pesanan/Proyek] dan Category [Department], yang dapat membantu perusahaan untuk menentukan departemen (bagian/cabang) mana yang paling menguntungkan, dan untuk melakukan efisiensi di tiap bagian/departemen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dapat menampilkan laporan keuangan dalam bentuk komparasi dari beberapa bulan, atau tahun lalu, sekarang dan komparasi antara budget dengan actual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fasilitas Recurring, Reversing, Reconcile, Type Invoice, dan beberapa fungsi pendukung lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">MYOB Accounting v15<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Asia terbaru yang direlease (pertengahan tahun 2005) adalah MYOB Accounting Versi 15 dan MYOB Premier versi 9. MYOB Accounting versi 15 merupakan software akuntansi paket yang terdiri dari modul : Accounts, Banking, Sales, Time Billing, Purchases, Inventory dan Card File. Bila anda bekerja sendiri dalam menyelesaikan proses data keuangan/akuntansi suatu perusahaan tanpa melibatkan orang lain (tidak bekerja secara kelompok) maka MYOB Accounting sangat cocok untuk anda gunakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MYOB Accounting dirancang untuk pekerjaan yang masih bisa ditangani oleh seorang akuntan (operator) dan hanya untuk transaksi yang mencatat semua transaksi kedalam satu mata uang local laporan keuangan, karena MYOB Accounting tidak dilengkap dengan fasilitas multi user dan multi currency. Semua fitur dan kelengkapan MYOB Accounting sudah standar untuk dioperasikan bagian akuntansi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">MYOB Premier v9<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jika perusahaan Anda mempunyai transaksi yang banyak, sehingga membutuhkan beberapa orang yang memasukkan data secara sekaligus dan terintegrasi seperti bagian penjualan sendiri, bagian pembelian sendiri, bagian gudang sendiri serta akunting sendiri tetapi akan menghasilkan satu laporan yang integrated maka MYOB Premier sangat cocok untuk anda gunakan. MYOB Premier merupakan fitur paling lengkap dari MYOB dimana dengan MYOB Premier ini anda bisa mencatat transaksi : Accounts, Banking, Sales, Time Billing, Purchases, Inventory dan Card File dengan integrasi beberapa user sekaligus input data bersamaan dan bisa mengetahui mata uang local dan mata uang asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yang baru MYOB Accounting v15 & Premier v9<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tambahan kolom Tax dan pemisahan warna baris setiap baris akun didalam Account List<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transfer Money yang dimasukkan dalam kelompok Accounts Module<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Company Data Auditor (memberikan informasi data MYOB kepada Auditor)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Print Invoice langsung di Email<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fungsi Recurring yang diperluas jangkauannya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Model aktifasi yang bisa dipilih langsung online, phone atau read only<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Proses Export & Import yang diperluas beberapa transaksi sudah bisa di export/import<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tampilan dan desain template cetakan invoice/voucher dilengkapi dengan memunculkan beberapa field tambahan seperti jumlah qty di invoice, keterangan allocation memo didalam Spend Money, bisa mencetak Print Receive Payment dan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Setting Tanggal dan Simbol Mata Uang<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Khusus bagi pengguna MYOB Accounting, pengaturan tanggal dan symbol mata uang sangat berpengaruh sekali dan tergantung kepada setting tanggal dan symbol mata uang yang telah ditentukan dari Regional Setting di Windows. Sedangkan untuk pengguna MYOB Premier untuk pengaturan tanggal tetap mengikuti setting yang ditentukan di Windows, tetapi untuk pengaturan symbol mata uang dan pemisah ribuan serta decimal dapat ditentukan sendiri disetiap mata uang yang telah dibuatkan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hal ini perlu dilakukan dikarenakan factor pengisian tanggal sangat mempengaruhi kesalahan input data. Karena saat pertama kali di Install Windows, secara default Windows mengatur tampilan tanggal dengan urutan : MM/DD/YYYY sedangkan kebisaaan di Indonesia menentukan urutan tampilan tanggal adalah DD/MM/YYYY. Sedangkan untuk tampilan angka Windows memberikan standart pemisah ribuan memberikan tanda koma (,) dan pemisah decimal adalah titik (.), sedangkan kebisaaan di Indonesia adalah memberikan pemisah ribuan dengan tanda titik (.) dan pemisah decimal adalah koma (,). Hal inilah yang perlu sekali dilakukan perubahan untuk menghindari salah input data dengan terbalik mengisikan tanggal dan jumlah angka rupiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Berikut mengganti setting tanggal dan currency di windows XP :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pilih menu <b>Start</b> - pilih dan klik <b>Control Panel</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lalu double klik ikon <b>Regional and Language Options</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q99iHi6AlQM/TtDusK7W1SI/AAAAAAAAAUQ/SkMp66x0Gnc/s1600/Regional+and+Language+Options.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q99iHi6AlQM/TtDusK7W1SI/AAAAAAAAAUQ/SkMp66x0Gnc/s640/Regional+and+Language+Options.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pilih <b>Regional Optional</b> dengan <b>Customize</b> di bahasa <b>Indonesian</b>,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik tombol <b>Customize…</b> untuk mengganti secara lengkap seperti ditampilkan pada beberapa gambar berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ujEC9BAPNwM/TtDvOATjMeI/AAAAAAAAAUY/6g4TlCxJs_M/s1600/Tombol+Customize.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ujEC9BAPNwM/TtDvOATjMeI/AAAAAAAAAUY/6g4TlCxJs_M/s640/Tombol+Customize.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pemisah Desimal (Koma)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Desimal dibelakang koma (2)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pemisah Ribuan (Titik)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Simbol Negatif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Satuan hitungan (Metric)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xh42J4O8HGA/TtDvxer870I/AAAAAAAAAUg/eH2ecZJ58Ng/s1600/Short+date+format+dd-mm-yyyy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xh42J4O8HGA/TtDvxer870I/AAAAAAAAAUg/eH2ecZJ58Ng/s640/Short+date+format+dd-mm-yyyy.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Short date format : dd/mm/yyyy<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pemisah tanggal (/)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tampilan tanggal panjang</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cara Mepelajari Buku Ini<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Didalam buku ini dibahas MYOB Premier versi 9, tetapi juga bisa diterapkan untuk aplikasi MYOB Accounting versi 15. Untuk bisa membahas keduanya, maka pada tahapan awal akan dibahas system pengisian data yang hanya menggunakan Single User dan Single Currency dan tidak ada transaksi Time Billing. Artinya dengan tidak digunakannya fungsi Multi User dan Multi Currency dan Time Billing, berarti sama dengan kita menggunakan MYOB Accounting v15. Selanjutnya pada bagian akhir akan dijelaskan menggunakan MYOB secara lengkap dengan transaksi yang berhubungan dengan Multi Currency dan Time Billing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Karena terbatasnya pertemuan pada kursus, maka diharapkan para siswa bisa mempraktekkan kembali diluar waktu kursus untuk bisa lebih mendalami pengoperasian MYOB dengan baik. Selain itu disarankan pula untuk mencari referensi buku-buku yang membahas MYOB sesuai dengan yang sedang dipelajari di toko buku terdekat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sehubungan dengan Undang-Undang HAKI, maka sangat disarankan agar para siswa tidak menggunakan software bajakan, lebih baik menggunakan software MYOB Trial Version, yang dibatasi dengan jumlah hari pemakaian. Hal ini lebih sah dan legal dibandingkan dengan membajak dan sangat tidak menghargai hasil karya cipta orang lain. Hal tersebut juga termasuk dengan tidak memfotocopy suatu buku/modul ciptaan orang tanpa seizing tertulis dari penulis yang bersangkutan. CD Trial Version bisa diperoleh pada lembaga kursus terkait, atau juga tersedia pada buku MYOB versi 15/Premier9 yang beredar di toko buku.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Memasang Software MYOB Trial Version<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah anda memperoleh CD Trial Version, dapat langsung di install dengan mudah pada computer pribadi anda dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Booting computer anda sampai keluar menu <b>Start</b> (Windows)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Masukkan CD MYOB Trial Version pada CDRom anda<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selanjutnya akan muncul layar intro secara otomatis pada layar monitor anda seperti tampil pada gambar berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik anak Panah “<b>Click to maximize</b>”, lalu Pilih <b>Products</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lalu pilih Produk MYOB Premier, lalu klik pilihan <b><i>Install Software</i></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cvKG4ElAxOs/TtDwYFIjT9I/AAAAAAAAAUo/BlqlSLrP8l0/s1600/Install+Software.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cvKG4ElAxOs/TtDwYFIjT9I/AAAAAAAAAUo/BlqlSLrP8l0/s640/Install+Software.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 59px; margin-top: 167px; position: absolute; width: 363px; z-index: 8;"></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 172px; position: absolute; width: 62px; z-index: 7;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik pilihan <b><i>International, </i></b> computer akan melakukan proses sebentar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZbELDJyN-w8/TtDwtaw3CrI/AAAAAAAAAUw/CiLQ9MU4cgU/s1600/International.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZbELDJyN-w8/TtDwtaw3CrI/AAAAAAAAAUw/CiLQ9MU4cgU/s640/International.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Proses sebentar selesai, klik tombol <b>Next</b>, lalu pilih <b>Indonesia</b>, lalu klik <b>Next</b> lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dLbRtd-0A3Y/TtDyQXTACuI/AAAAAAAAAU4/wPlhRMVL93Q/s1600/Indonesia%252C+lalu+klik+Next+lagi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dLbRtd-0A3Y/TtDyQXTACuI/AAAAAAAAAU4/wPlhRMVL93Q/s640/Indonesia%252C+lalu+klik+Next+lagi.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">klik tombol <b>Accept</b>, lalu pilih <b>Typical</b>, lalu klik <b>Next</b> lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JfhSyAc9j80/TtDyeuwJ8EI/AAAAAAAAAVA/IkLnTG3ikew/s1600/Typical+lalu+klik+Next+lagi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JfhSyAc9j80/TtDyeuwJ8EI/AAAAAAAAAVA/IkLnTG3ikew/s640/Typical+lalu+klik+Next+lagi.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ketikkan nama Taskbar, klik <b>Next></b>, lalu klik <b>Next></b> lagi.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hG-y_8xiOng/TtDyyA2eyuI/AAAAAAAAAVI/gmh1X7TzOoM/s1600/klik+Next+lalu+klik+Next+lagi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hG-y_8xiOng/TtDyyA2eyuI/AAAAAAAAAVI/gmh1X7TzOoM/s640/klik+Next+lalu+klik+Next+lagi.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">10.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lalu computer akan melakukan proses pengcopy-an data program dan installer MYOB dari proses 1% sampai proses 100% (Finished). Proses ini membutuhkan waktu sekitar 1-3 menit, tergantung pada processor dan kapasitas processor anda).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QVEV919jyjc/TtDzF-wFATI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/p5OQG1gKwLM/s1600/dan+kapasitas+processor+anda.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QVEV919jyjc/TtDzF-wFATI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/p5OQG1gKwLM/s1600/dan+kapasitas+processor+anda.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tunggu proses ampai muncul tombol <b>Finished</b>.</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Membuka Program MYOB Premier 9 di Windows XP<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah proses instalasi berjalan sempurna, secara otomatis pada computer anda telah terpasang MYOB Premier 9 dan sudah siap untuk melakukan latihan dan percobaan pengisian data perusahaan dan data lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik menu <b>Start</b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pilih All <b>Programs</b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pilih <b>MYOB Premier v9</b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pilih dan klik <b>+MYOB Premier v9</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SKv8RgsJniU/TtDzWR-iH8I/AAAAAAAAAVY/kBCPyLYX2C8/s1600/MYOB+Premier+v9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SKv8RgsJniU/TtDzWR-iH8I/AAAAAAAAAVY/kBCPyLYX2C8/s400/MYOB+Premier+v9.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> </span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Membuka Data Perusahaan Contoh MYOB<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bSfWdqWjTF4/TtDznhf4CaI/AAAAAAAAAVg/3Ab97KsbqPE/s1600/membuka+program+MYOB.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bSfWdqWjTF4/TtDznhf4CaI/AAAAAAAAAVg/3Ab97KsbqPE/s1600/membuka+program+MYOB.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah membuka program MYOB dari menu Start – Programs, selanjutnya MYOB akan menampilkan menu Intro yang menanyakan apakah anda akan membuka data yang sudah ada sebelumnya, membuat data baru, atau melihat data contoh dari MYOB (Clearwater). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk melihat data contoh beberapa fitur yang ada di MYOB, silahkan klik Explore the sample company.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mc2KQT_wclY/TtDz_n9VuWI/AAAAAAAAAVo/us2YTfBpRVA/s1600/Muncul+konfirmasi+pengisian.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mc2KQT_wclY/TtDz_n9VuWI/AAAAAAAAAVo/us2YTfBpRVA/s1600/Muncul+konfirmasi+pengisian.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Muncul konfirmasi pengisian password (signon) sebagai Administrator. Untuk data sample tidak ada password, jadi langsung klik OK.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Akan muncul beberapa konfirmasi reminder, klik <b>Cancel</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selanjutnya akan muncul konfirmasi untuk melakukan verifikasi data, klik <b>Cancel</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Muncul beberapa konfirmasi data yang harus dilakukan oleh data sample, klik <b>Close</b> sampai muncul menu utama (<b>Command Centre</b>) dari MYOB.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anda bisa ber-ekplorasi dengan membuka beberapa menu, modul dan laporan yang dihasilkan oleh MYOB Premier.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Menutup Program MYOB<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FnHzMB5ZVik/TtD0PixDqnI/AAAAAAAAAVw/Ohxj3TSM1g0/s1600/Menutup+Program+MYOB.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FnHzMB5ZVik/TtD0PixDqnI/AAAAAAAAAVw/Ohxj3TSM1g0/s1600/Menutup+Program+MYOB.png" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Setelah anda ber-ekplorasi membuka sample data MYOB, anda akan menutup data sample tersebut sekaligus menutup program MYOB. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untuk menutup program MYOB dapat dilakukan dengan cara: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Klik tombol silang pada bagian paling kanan atas di layar command centre MYOB. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Atau dari menu <b>File</b>, klik <b>Exit</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Akan muncul konfirmasi apakah akan keluar dengan mencetak Session Report atau tidak (pilih saja <b>Quit No Report</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selanjutnya akan muncul pertanyaan apakah akan melakukan proses Backup Data atas data sample tersebut? Untuk kasus ini tidak perlu di Backup, jadi klik saja pilihan <b>No</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in left .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Secara otomatis MYOB akan terutup</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1866719652">Lanjut ke</a></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1866719652"> </a><b><a href="http://namakuagussuhendi.blogspot.com/2011/11/free-download-myob-2.html" target="_blank">Tutorial MYOB ( 2 )</a><o:p></o:p></b></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_231462950"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Fl0R3u8S_5E/TtD0pQ4t3AI/AAAAAAAAAV4/HTSkL6dSZCg/s200/free-download-button-thumb6733199.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_231462950">Free Trial Download MYOB<o:p></o:p></a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sumber terkait :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;">http://myobindonesia.wordpress.com/download/<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="http://namakuagussuhendi.blogspot.com/2011/11/free-download-myob-2.html" style="background-color: white; color: #ff32a9; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">Free Download &Tutorial MYOB ( 2 )</a></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-43086736458873806822011-11-26T01:21:00.000-08:002011-11-26T01:21:18.671-08:00Teori Produksi ( 9 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (9)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vHWs3koAc3A/TtCvbl8MjdI/AAAAAAAAAT4/pMjwPD3uUNQ/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vHWs3koAc3A/TtCvbl8MjdI/AAAAAAAAAT4/pMjwPD3uUNQ/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">B.Pasar Monopoli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Struktur pasar yang bertentangan dengan pasar persaingan sempurna adalah monopoli.Monopoli adalah struktur pasar di mana hanya terdapat satu penjual, tidak ada substitusi produk yang mirip (close substitute), dan terdapat hambatan masuk (barriers to entry) ke pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri pasar monopoli</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Hanya ada satu penjual.Karena hanya ada satu penjual maka pembeli tidak mempunyai pilihan lain. Dalam hal ini pembeli hanya menerima syarat-syarat jual-beli yang ditentukan penjual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Tidak ada substitusi produk yang mirip.Misalnya,aliran listrik.Aliran listrik tidak mempunyai pengganti dari barang lain. Ada barang pengganti tetapi sifatnya berbeda, misalnya, lampu minyak.Lampu minyak tidak dapat menggantikan fungsi aliran listrik untuk menyalakan TV, seterika,dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Terdapat hambatan masuk ke pasar.Hambatan ini bisa berbentuk undangundang,memerlukan teknologi yang canggih,dan memerlukan modal yang sangat besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Sebagai penentu harga ( price setter). Dengan mengendalikan tingkat produksi dan volume produk yang ditawarkan perusahaan monopoli dapat menentukan harga yang dikehendaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya monopoli</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Memiliki bahan mentah strategis atau pengetahuan teknis produksi yang spesifik.Perusahaan monopoli umumnya menguasai seluruh atau sebagian besar bahan mentah yang tersedia. Sebagai contoh, Pertamina.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Hak paten produk atau proses produksi.Dengan pemberian hak paten akan melidungi perusahaan atau pihak-pihak pencipta suatu produk dari peniruan pihak-pihak lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Terdapat skala ekonomis. Pada beberapa kegiatan ekonomi, dengan menggunakan teknologi modern, produksi yang efisien hanya dapat dilakukan apabila jumlah produksinya sangat besar dan meliputi hampir seluruh produksi yang diperlukan di dalam pasar. Ini berarti bahwa pada waktu perusahaan mencapai keadaan di mana biaya produksi minimum, jumlah produksi adalah hampir sama dengan jumlah permintaan riel di pasar. Dengan sifat skala ekonomis demikian, pada tingkat produksi yang sangat tinggi, perusahaan dapat menurunkan harga. Keadaan seperti ini mengakibatkan perusahaan baru tidak akan sanggup bersaing dengan perusahaan yang terlebih dahulu berkembang. Keadaan ini mewujudkan pasar monopoli. Perusahaan jasaumum, seperti perusahaan listrik, perusahaan air minum, perusahaan telepon, dan perusahaan kereta api adalah contoh-contoh industri yang memiliki sifat skala ekonomis seperti diterangkan di atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Pemberian Hak Monopoli oleh Pemerintah. Melalui peraturan pemerintah, dapat diberikan kekusaan monopoli kepada perusahaan-perusahaan atau lembagalembaga tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">C.Pasar Monopolistis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pasar monopolistik pada dasarnya adalah pasar yang berada di antara dua jenis bentuk pasar yang ekstrem,yaitu persaingan sempurna dan monopoli.Oleh karena itu sifat-sifat bentuk pasar ini mengandung unsur-unsur sifat pasar monopoli dan sifat pasar persaingan sempurna.Secara umum, pasar persaingan monopolistic dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu pasar di mana terdapat banyak produsen/penjual yang menghasilkan dan menjual produk yang berbeda coraknya ( differentiated<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">product).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri pasar persaingan monopolistik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> selengkapnya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Terdapat banyak penjual.Terdapat banyak penjual tetapi tidak sebanyak pada pasar persaingan sempurna.Perusahaan-perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik mempunyai ukuran yang relatif sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Produknya tidak homogen ( berbeda corak).Produk perusahaan persaingan monopolistik berbeda coraknya dan secara fisik mudah untuk membedakan antara produk perusahaan yang satu dengan produk perusahaan lainnya. Sifat ini adalah sifat yang penting untuk membedakannya dengan sifat pada pasar persaingan sempurna.Perbedaan-perbedaan lain dapat berupa pembungkusannya,cara pembayaran dalam pembelian, pelayanan penjualan, dan sebagainya.Karena perbedaan corak tersebut maka produk perusahaanperusahaan persaingan monopolistik tidak bersifat substitusi sempurna. Mereka hanya bersifat substitusi dekat ( close substitute) .Perbedaan-perbedaan inilah yang menjadi sumber kekuatan monopoli dari perusahaan-perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Perusahaan mempunyai sedikit kekuatan mempengaruhi harga.Kekuatan mempengaruhi harga tidak sebesar pada pasar monopoli dan oligopoly.Kekuatan mempengaruhi harga bersumber dari perbedaan corak produk.Perbedaan ini mengakibatkan para pembeli akan memilih.Pembeli dapat lebih menyukai produk suatu perusahaan tertentu dan kurang menyukai produk perusahaan lainnya. Sehingga jika suatu perusahaan menaikkan harga, ia masih dapat menarik pembeli walaupun tidak sebanyak sebelum kenaikan harga.Sebaliknya jika suatu perusahaan menurunkan harga,belum tentu diikuti oleh kenaikan permintaan produk yang dihasilkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Masuk ke dalam industry atau pasar relative mudah.Masuk ke dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik tidak seberat masuk pasar monopoli dan oligopoly tetapi tidak semudah masuk pasar persaingan sempurna.Hal ini disebabkan,(1) modal yang diperlukan relatif besar dibandingkan dengan perusahaan pada pasar persaingan sempurna dan (2) harus menghasilkan produk yang berbeda dengan produk yang sudah ada di pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5. Persaingan promosi penjualan sangat aktif.Dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik harga bukan penentu utama besarnya pasar. Suatu perusahaan mungkin menjual produknya dengan harga cukup tinggi tetapi masih dapat menarik banyak pelanggan.Sebaliknya mungkin suatu perusahaan menjual produknya dengan harga yang cukup murah tetapi tidak banyak menarik pelanggan.Oleh karena itu untuk menarik para pelanggan, perusahaan harus aktif melakukan promosi, memperbaiki pelayanan,mengembangkan desain produk,meningkatkan mutu produk,dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keseimbangan Jangka Pendek<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurve permintaan perusahaan persaingan monopolistik merupakan peralihan dari kurve permintaan perusahaan persaingan sempurna dan kurve permintaan perusahaan monopoli. Jadi, kurve tersebut sedikit miring dari kiri atas ke kanan bawah. Ini berarti bahwa elastisitas permintaannya lebih kecil dari elastisitas permintaan perusahaan persaingan sempurna tetapi lebih besar dari elastisitas permintaan perusahaan monopoli. Analisis keseimbangan pada perusahaan persaingan monopolistik sama dengan analisis pada perusahaan monopoli. Bedanya,permintaan yang dihadapi perusahaan monopoli adalah seluruh permintaan pasar,sedang yang dihadapi perusahaan persaingan monopolistic adalah sebagian dari permintaan pasar.Dua keadaan keseimbangan perusahaan persaingan monopolistik ditunjukkan dalam Gb. 7.16. Gb. 7.16.a menunjukkan keadaan dimana perusahaan memperoleh keuntungan dan Gb. 7.16.b menunjukkan perusahaan menderita kerugian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6Q1ZrQ-7LkI/TtCu-7OpwgI/AAAAAAAAATw/7YPn08BNYBI/s1600/Gb.+7.16.a+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6Q1ZrQ-7LkI/TtCu-7OpwgI/AAAAAAAAATw/7YPn08BNYBI/s400/Gb.+7.16.a+1.png" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/532.png?w=300&h=99"
style='width:225pt;height:74.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="532"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Gb. 7.16.a menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan memperoleh keuntungan maksimum pada tingkat produksi dan penjualan sebesar Q dan tingkat harga sebesar P karena pada keadaan ini terpenuhi dalil keuntungan ( MR = MC ).Luas PABC menunjukkan jumlah keuntungan maksimum yang diperoleh. Gb. 7.16.b menunjukkan bahwa kerugian minimum pada tingkat produksi dan penjualan sebesar Q1 dan tingkat harga P1. Kerugian minimum sebesar P1ABC1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keseimbangan Jangka Panjang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perolehan keuntungan diatas normal seperti ditunjukkan dalam Gb. 7.16.a,mengundang masuknya perusahaan-perusahaan baru.Akibatnya, setiap perusahaan akan menghadapi permintaan yang lebih sedikit pada berbagai tingkat harga.Ini berarti bahwa masuknya perusahaan-perusahaan baru mengakibatkan kurve permintaan dan tentunya juga kurve MR perusahaan persaingan monopolistik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bergeser ke kiri. Masuknya perusahaan-perusahaan baru akan berlangsung terus sehingga perusahaan hanya menerima keuntungan normal.Jadi,dalam jangka panjang, perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik hanya menerima keuntungan normal, seperti halnya perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan sempurna.Gb. 7.17 menunjukkan keseimbangan perusahaan persaingan monopolistik dalam jangka panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" href="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/541.png" style='width:225pt;
height:93.75pt' o:button="t"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="125" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="300" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gb. 7.17 menunjukkan bahwa PL adalah sama dengan biaya total rata-rata (ATC) yang berarti perusahaan memperoleh keuntungan normal.Sifat perusahaan persaingan monopolistik ketika memperoleh keuntungan normal berbeda dengan sifat perusahaan persaingan sempurna yang juga ketika memperoleh keuntungan normal.Perbedaan tersebut adalah (1) harga jual produk dan biaya produksi pada perusahaan persaingan monopolistik lebih tinggi dibanding pada perusahaan persaingan sempurna,dan (2) kegiatan produksi pada perusahaan persainganmonopolistik belum mencapai tingkat optimal ( tingkat produksi dengan biaya per unit paling rendah).Sebaliknya jika perusahaan menderita kerugian minimum seperti ditunjukkan dalam Gb. 7.16.b, maka ia akan keluar dari pasar.Akibatnya, jumlah perusahaan dalam pasar semakin sedikit sehingga jumlah permintaan yang dihadapi perusahaanperusahaan yang masih ada menjadi lebih besar.Ini berarti bahwa kurve permintaan akan bergeser ke kanan.Kejadian keluarnya perusahaan dari pasar akan berlangsung terus sampai perusahaan memperoleh keuntungan normal seperti ditunjukkan dalam Gb. 7.17.Dalam keadaan seperti ini tidak ada lagi perusahaan yang masuk ke pasar dan juga tidak ada lagi yang keluar dari pasar.Oleh karena itu Gb. 7.17 tersebut menunjukkan keseimbangan jangka panjang perusahaan persaingan monopolistik.Sifat-sifat perusahaan persaingan monopolistik demikian tentu akan merugikan masyarakat, karena seandainya mereka beroperasi seperti perusahaan persaingan sempurna maka masyarakat konsumen akan dapat membeli produk dengan harga yang lebih rendah dan jumlah produk yang lebih banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">D.Pasar Duopoli dan Oligopoli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Duopoli adalah keadaan di mana hanya ada dua perusahaan yang menguasaipasar.Oleh karena itu setiap tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pengusaha yang satu akan mempengaruhi kebijakan pengusaha lainnya, baik dalam hal menentukan harga,kapasitas produksi, kualitas produk, dan sebagainya. Apabila produk yang dihasilkan oleh pengusaha duopoli homogen, maka pasar dinamakan duopoli murni( pure duopoly) . Apabila produk yang dihasilkan tidak homogen tetapi bersifat dapat mensubstitusi, maka pasar dinamakan duopoli yang dibedakan ( differentiated duopoly).Pasar oligopoli sama saja dengan pasar duopoli, hanya saja dalam pasar oligopoli jumlah perusahaan yang menguasai pasar lebih dari dua tetapi tidak banyak (oligos = sedikit) sehingga tindakan dari pengusaha yang satu akan mempengaruhi kebijakan dari pengusaha lainnya. Apabila produk yang dihasilkan oleh pengusaha oligopoli homogen maka pasar dinamakan oligopoli murni ( pure oligopoly) dan apabila produk yang dihasilkan tidak homogen maka dinamakan oligopoli yang dibedakan ( differentiated oligopoly).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Duopoli:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pasar duopoli jarang sekali ditemukan dalam kenyataan.Oleh karena itu teori pasar duopoli lebih banyak menggunakan asumsi-asumsi,bahkan ada yang perlu dikhayalkan.Namun,teori duopoli sangat berguna sebagai dasar bagi penyusunan teori pasar oligopoli.Teori pasar duopoli, pertama kali dikemukakan oleh ekonom Perancis Antoine Augustin Cournot pada tahun 1838 dalam karangannya berjudul “Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth”. Teori Cournot banyak dikrikik oleh ahli-ahli ekonomi, terutama tentang asumsi-asumsinya karena dianggap tidak masuk akal. Betrand-Edgeworth juga telah membuat teori duopoli yang dapat dianggap sebagai penyempurnaan teori Cournot.Untuk analisis pasar duopoli dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut. Misalnya,hanya ada pengusaha A dan pengusaha B yang menguasai pasar produk tertentu.Setiap tindakan yang dilakukan pengusaha A akan mempengaruhi kebijakan yang diambil oleh pengusaha B dan begitu pula sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu untuk dapat meramalkan dengan baik tentang tindakan yang akan dilakukan oleh pengusaha pesaingnya maka pengusaha duopoli harus selalu memperhatikan perilaku pengusaha pesaingnya tersebut. Untuk hal ini tentu tidak mudah.Teori duopoli disusun berdasarkan asumsi-asumsi tentang perilaku pengusaha-pengusaha pesaing. Dengan demikian apabila asumsi-asumsi itu diubah,tentu akan muncul teori baru. Inilah yang menyebabkan adanya berbagai teori duopoli, karena asumsi-asumsi yang digunakan oleh para ahli yang menyusun teori berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-28423602866798952282011-11-26T01:16:00.000-08:002011-11-26T01:16:03.442-08:00Teori Produksi ( 8 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (8)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qu1eG7K8ouo/TtCsKdmHk0I/AAAAAAAAAS4/rxxIBbPuz68/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qu1eG7K8ouo/TtCsKdmHk0I/AAAAAAAAAS4/rxxIBbPuz68/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Struktur Pasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pasar output adalah pertemuan antara permintaan output dan penawaran output.Pada sisi permintaan,pasar output mempunyai ciri-ciri yang sama, yaitu bahwa permintaan pasar adalah penjumlahan dari permintaan konsumen yang jumlahnya banyak sekali.Namun pada sisi penawarannya, jumlah penjual bervariasi dari jumlah yang sangat banyak sampai jumlah yang sedikit,bahkan hanya satu penjual.Berdasarkan jumlah penjual yang ada,struktur pasar output dibedakan menjadi empat, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Pasar Persaingan Sempurna (perfect competitive market) : pasar dengan jumlah penjual sangat banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Pasar Monopoli : pasar dengan hanya satu penjual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Pasar Oligopoli : pasar dengan jumlah penjual sedikit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Pasar Persaingan Monopolistik : pasar dengan banyak penjual tetapi produk produknya heterogen, sehingga masing-masing penjual dapat mempengaruhi harga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ketiga pasar terakhir termasuk dalam pasar persaingan tidak sempurna (imperfect competitive market).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A.Pasar Persaingan Sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Persaingan sempurna merupakan struktur pasar yang paling ideal, karena struktur pasar ini akan dapat menjamin berlangsungnya aktivitas produksi dengan tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi.Oleh karena itu dalam analisis ekonomi sering digunakan asumsi bahwa perekonomian merupakan pasar persaingan sempurna.Tetapi dalam praktek tidak mudah untuk menentukan suatu industri dapat digolongkan ke dalam pasar persaingan sempurna yang sesungguhnya (sesuai teori).Umumnya, yang ada adalah yang mendekati ciri-ciri struktur pasar tersebut.Namun,sebagai landasan teori untuk analisis ekonomi, mempelajari ciri-ciri pasar persaingan sempurna adalah sangat penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asumsi-Asumsi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Model persaingan sempurna didasari oleh asumsi-asumsi sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Terdapat sangat banyak penjual dan pembeli. Oleh karena terdapat sangat banyak produsen atau perusahaan, maka setiap produsen atau perusahaan hanya memasok produk sebagian kecil saja dari total produk yang ditawarkan di pasar.Pembeli juga sangat banyak sehingga secara individual mereka tidak mempunyai kekuatan monopsoni untuk mempengaruhi mekanisme di dalam pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Produk yang dihasilkan oleh para produsen adalah homogen. Pasar diartikan sebagai gabungan dari produsen yang memproduksi produk yang homogeny atau identik. Ini berarti bahwa antara produk dari produsen yang satu dengan produk dari produsen yang lain bersifat substitusi sempurna.Oleh karena itu,para pembeli tidak dapat membedakan produk- produk dari produsen yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Setiap produsen adalah pengambil harga ( price taker).Implikasi dari kedua asumsi di atas adalah bahwa produsen secara individual tidak dapat mempengaruhi harga pasar yang berlaku dengan mengubah jumlah produk yang ditawarkan. Dengan demikian setiap produsen hanya menerima harga pasar.Produsen dapat menawarkan produk berapapun jumlahnya dengan harga pasartersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Perusahaan-perusahaan bebas masuk dan keluar pasar ( free entry and exit of firms).Tidak ada hambatan bagi setiap perusahaan untuk masuk ke pasar atau keluar dari pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5. Maksimisasi profit/keuntungan.Tujuan dari semua perusahaan adalah memaksimumkan keuntungan. Tidak ada tujuan lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6. Tidak ada regulasi dari pemerintah. Tidak ada intervensi pemerintah di dalam pasar ( seperti tarif, subsidi, pembatasan produksi, dan sebagainya). Struktur pasar di mana telah dipenuhi asumsi-asumsi di atas disebut pasar persaingan murni (pure competition). Untuk pasar persaingan sempurna (perfect competition)memerlukan asumsi-asumsi tambahan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7. Mobilitas faktor-faktor produksi sempurna. Faktor-faktor produksi bebas berpindah dari satu perusahaan ke perusahaan lain melalui mekanisme ekonomi.Dengan kata lain, terjadi persaingan sempurna di dalam pasar input.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8. Pengetahuan sempurna ( perfect knowledge).Semua penjual dan pembeli diasumsikan mempunyai pengetahuan yang lengkap tentang kondisi pasar, baik kondisi sekarang maupun yang akan datang. Dengan demikian kondisi ketidakpastian di masa mendatang dapat diantisipasi.Informasi pasar dapat diperoleh dengan mudah dan tanpa biaya.Berdasarkan asumsi-asumsi di atas kita akan menganalisis ekuilibrium atau keseimbangan produsen/ perusahaan dan pasar/industri di dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang.Ekuilibrium produsen dicapai pada saat perusahaannya mencapai keuntungan maksimum. Ekuilibrium pasar atau industri dicapai apabila (a) semua perusahaan dalam posisi ekuilibrium, dan (b) jumlah produk semua perusahaan tersebut sama dengan jumlah permintaan semua konsumen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ekuilibrium Jangka Pendek<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisis jangka pendek (shrot run), yaitu di mana dianggap bahwa setiap produsen tidak bisa menambah kapasitas pabriknya dan tidak mungkin bagi produsen-produsen baru masuk ke dalam pasar.Sedangkan analisis jangka panjang(long run) adalah di mana dimungkinkan adanya baik perluasan kapasitas pabrik oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang telah ada maupun pembangunan pabrik-pabrik baru oleh pengusaha-pengusaha baru yang masuk ke pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ekuilibrium Perusahaan Jangka Pendek<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suatu perusahaan dalam kondisi ekuilibrium ketika ia mencapai keuntungan ( π ) maksimum. Keuntungan ( π ) didefinisikan sebagai perbedaan antara total cost (TC) dan total revenue (TR), sehingga dapat ditulis : π = TR – TC. Seperti telah dibahas pada Bab VI, bahwa ekuilibrium perusahaan secara grafis dapat ditunjukkan melalui dua pendekatan, yaitu (1) menggunakan kurve TR dan TC ( lihat Gb. 1),dan (2) menggunakan kurve MR dan MC (lihat Gb. 2) Di dalam Gb. 2 ditunjukkan posisi ekuilibrium perusahaan dengan menggunakan kurve TR dan TC dalam pasar persaingan sempurna. Kurve TR adalah suatu garis lurus melalui origin, menunjukkan bahwa harga output adalah konstan pada semua tingkat output.Produsen adalah price taker dan dapat menjual setiap outputnya pada harga pasar yang berlaku dengan TR naik proporsional dengan volume penjualannya. Slope kurve TR adalah marginal revenue (MR). MR ini konstan dan sama dengan harga pasar, karena semua unit output dijual pada harga yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Liat2BzmZJw/TtCtNzIkUiI/AAAAAAAAATI/sAJJNR-NQew/s1600/Kondisi+Ekuilibrium+dengan+Kurve+TR+dan+TC+%2528Gb.+1%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Liat2BzmZJw/TtCtNzIkUiI/AAAAAAAAATI/sAJJNR-NQew/s400/Kondisi+Ekuilibrium+dengan+Kurve+TR+dan+TC+%2528Gb.+1%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dengan demikian, MR = AR = Pq. Perusahaan mencapai keuntungan maksimum pada penjualan output Qe, di mana jarak vertikal antara kurvr TR dan kurve TC paling lebar.Pada penjualan output di bawahnya atau di atasnya, total keuntungan tidak maksimum. Pada penjualan di bawah QA ( disebelah kiri titik A) dan di atas QB (disebelah kanan titik B) perusahaan menderita kerugian.Di dalam Gb. 2. ditunjukkan kurve-kurve marginal cost (MC), average cost (AC) dan kurve permintaannya (D ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BDWxU0Kcd68/TtCtYqtO6WI/AAAAAAAAATQ/IjDx3UGeiM0/s1600/Kondisi+Ekuilibrium+dengan+Kurve+MR+dan+MC+%2528Gb.+2%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BDWxU0Kcd68/TtCtYqtO6WI/AAAAAAAAATQ/IjDx3UGeiM0/s400/Kondisi+Ekuilibrium+dengan+Kurve+MR+dan+MC+%2528Gb.+2%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam persaingan sempurna kurve permintaan adalah juga kurve AR dan kurve MR.Kurve MC memotong kurve ATC pada titik minimumnya. Perusahaan mencapai keuntungan maksimum pada tingkat penjualan output di mana MR = MC, yaitu pada titik e, di mana kurve MC memotong kurve MR. Di sebelah kiri titik e, belum mencapai keuntungan maksimum, karena setiap penjualan unit output di sebelah kiri Qe masih memberikan keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dari marginal costnya. Di<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sebelah kanan Qe, biaya setiap tambahan unit output lebih tinggi dari penerimaan (revenue) yang diperoleh dari penjualannya, sehingga total keuntungan berkurang dan dapat menderita kerugian. Dari bahasan ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Jika MC < MR total keuntungan belum maksimum, perusahaan harus meningkatkan outputnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Jika MC > MR tingkat keuntungan menjadi menurun, perusahaan harus menghentikan produksinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Jika MC = MR tingkat keuntungan jangka pendek adalah maksimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jadi syarat pertama untuk ekuilibrium perusahaan dalam jangka pendek adalah MR = MC. Namun, syarat ini belum cukup, karena pada kondisi di mana MR = MC belum tentu perusahaan dalam kondisi ekuilidrium.Dalam Gb.2. pada titik e’, di mana syarat MR = MC juga terpenuhi, tetapi perusahaan tidak dalam kondisi ekuilibrium, karena keuntungan maksimum pada tingkat output Qe > Qe’. Oleh karena itu, kondisi ekuilibrium membutuhkan syarat kedua yaitu bahwa pada saat berpotongan dengan kurve MR, MC menaik. Jadi, kurve MC memotong kurve MR harus dari bawah. Pada titik e, slope MC positif, sedangkan slope MR = 0, berarti slope MC > slope MR. Dengan demikian, syarat ekuilibrium perusahaan dalam jangka pendek adalah : (1) MC = MR dan (2) slope MC > slope MR.Dalam kenyataan, suatu perusahaan dalam kondisi ekuilibrium tidak berarti harus menerima keuntungan ( excess profit). Apakah perusahaan menerima keuntungan atau menderita kerugian tergantung pada tingkat biaya total rata-rata (ATC). Jika ATC di bawah tingkat harga ekuilibrium, perusahaan akan menerima keuntungan (excess profit) sebesar luas bidang PqABe (Gb.3). Jika ATC diatas harga ekuilibrium, perusahaan menderita kerugian sebesar FCePq (Gb. 7.4). Dalam kasus demikian, perusahaan hanya akan meneruskan produksinya jika masih mampu menutup biaya variabelnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Vs8QNe_2LgQ/TtCtpX6rawI/AAAAAAAAATY/BJsNmV-NrQc/s1600/FCePq+%2528Gb.+7.4%2529..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Vs8QNe_2LgQ/TtCtpX6rawI/AAAAAAAAATY/BJsNmV-NrQc/s640/FCePq+%2528Gb.+7.4%2529..png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">menderita kerugian minimum.Titik di mana perusahaan dalam kondisi menutup biaya variabelnya disebut “closing-down point” atau dapat disebut sebagai titik di mana perusahaan menghentikan produksinya. Dalam Gb.5 “closing-down point” perusahaan ditandai oleh titik w. Jika harga turun di bawah Pw perusahaan tidak dapat menutup biaya variabelnya dan lebih baik menutup perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurve Penawaran Perusahaan dan Industri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurve penawaran perusahaan adalah juga kurve MC yang menaik dan terletak di atas AVC. Pada Gb.5 , kurve penawaran adalah kurve SMC mulai dari titik w ke kanan.Di bawah harga Pw output (Q) yang ditawarkan perusahaan adalah nol.Sepanjang harga naik diatas Pw, output yang ditawarkan akan naik.Kurve SMC menunjukkan volume-volume output (Q) yang dipilih oleh produsen untuk setiap tingkat harga.Sedangkan kurve penawaran juga kurve yang menunjukkan volume-volume output (Q) yang ditawarkan oleh seorang produsen pada berbagai tingkat harga.Jadi kurve SMC = kurve penawaran perusahaan.Kurve penawaran industri atau pasar adalah penjumlahan horizontal darikurve-kurve penawaran perusahaan. Sebagai contoh hanya ada dua perusahaan, A dan B di dalam pasar maka kurve penawaran pasar dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut (Gb.6).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cW4XLkNfw8M/TtCt2ZoW5cI/AAAAAAAAATg/D2A5qagEpko/s1600/%2528Gb.6%2529..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cW4XLkNfw8M/TtCt2ZoW5cI/AAAAAAAAATg/D2A5qagEpko/s640/%2528Gb.6%2529..png" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_92" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ekuilibrium Pasar Jangka Pendek<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ekuilibrium pasar tercapai bila volume output yang ditawarkan seluruh produsen di pasar sama dengan volume output yang dibutuhkan oleh seluruh konsumen.Kondisi ini secara grafis ditunjukkan oleh titik perpotongan antara kurve penawaran pasar dengan kurve permintaan pasar. Bagaimana pencapaian posisi ekuilibrium pasar persaingan sempurna,di mana terbentuk harga pasar dan kemudian para produsen menyesuaikan tingkat produksinya dengan harga tersebut,dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut (Gb.7).Arah pencapaian ekuilibrium pada Gb.7 tersebut dapat dijelaskan menggunakan bagan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--PaEO6wciK0/TtCuIPAGZRI/AAAAAAAAATo/wSWFs_Sf5SA/s1600/kurva+persaingan+sempurna.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--PaEO6wciK0/TtCuIPAGZRI/AAAAAAAAATo/wSWFs_Sf5SA/s640/kurva+persaingan+sempurna.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ekuilibrium Jangka Panjang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam jangka panjang ada kemungkinan perluasan ( atau penciutan) kapasitas produksi dan masuknya perusahaan-perusahaan baru ke dalam pasar.Kedua faktor tersebut mengakibatkan adanya penambahan atau pengurangan volume output yang ditawarkan di pasar. Perusahaan-perusahaan yang telah ada akan menambah kapasitas produksi dan perusahaan-perusahaan baru akan masuk ke dalam pasar apabila perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut akan dapat memperoleh keuntungan (excess profit).Keuntungan ini dapat diperoleh apabila harga yang berlaku (jangka pendek) melebihi biaya rata-rata jangka panjang (Long Run Average Cost = LAC).Jadi jika P > LAC maka perusahaan-perusahaan yang ada akan memperluas kapasitas produksinya dan atau perusahaan-perusahaan baru akan masuk ke dalam pasar.Adanya perluasan kapasitas produksi dan pendirian pabrik-pabrik baru tersebut akan menyebabkan bertambahnya volume output yang ditawarkan di pasar dan selanjutnya menyebabkan harga turun.Hal ini secara grafis,ditandai dengan bergesernya kurve penawaran pasar ke kanan dan turunnya harga.Bila harga turun sampai tingkat di mana P = LAC,maka tidak ada lagi insentif bagi perusahaanperusahaan untuk menambah kapasitas produksi maupun perusahaan-perusahaan baru membangun pabrik-pabrik,karena pada saat ini tidak ada keuntungan lebih ( excess profit).Yang ada hanya keuntungan normal,yaitu keuntungan yang sudah termasuk dihitung dalam LAC.Jadi, keuntungan normal diperoleh pada tingkat output di mana P = LAC.Dengan demikian pada kondisi di mana P = LAC,tidak ada lagi penambahan kapasitas produksi dan pendirian pabrik baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-34448207383075939352011-11-26T01:05:00.000-08:002011-11-26T01:05:13.234-08:00Teori Produksi ( 7 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (7)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6kRfGdpyPmI/TtCigGroqtI/AAAAAAAAAQI/mfOQtcHmHfI/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6kRfGdpyPmI/TtCigGroqtI/AAAAAAAAAQI/mfOQtcHmHfI/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Biaya dan Penerimaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Macam-macam Biaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya produksi adalah semua pengeluaran yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan untuk memperoleh faktor-faktor produksi guna memproduksi output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Macam-macam biaya,yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Total Fixed Cost( biaya total tetap) adalah jumlah biaya yang tetap yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh tingkat produksi.Contoh penyusutan, sewa, dsb.Biaya total (TFC) tidak tergantung pada kuantitas output (Q),sedangkan biaya variabel total bergantung pada kuantitas output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Total Variabel Cost ( biaya variabel total ) adalah jumlah biaya-biaya yang dibayarkan yang besarnya berubah menurut tingkat yang dihasilkan.Contoh ongkos bahan mentah, tenaga kerja dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Total Cost ( biaya total ) adalah penjumblahan antara ongkos total tetap dengan ongkos total variabel. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TC = TFC + TVC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Averege Fixed Cost ( biaya tetap rata-rata ) adalah biaya tetap yang dibebankan untuk setiap unit output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kSyixAXIdXY/TtCixIn_EQI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/dACD_jYJnZo/s1600/Rumus+AFC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kSyixAXIdXY/TtCixIn_EQI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/dACD_jYJnZo/s1600/Rumus+AFC.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya tetap rata-rata (AFC)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> menurun secara kontinyu sampai mendekati garis horisontal, karena AFC = TFC/Q<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Averege Fixed Cost ( biaya variabel rata-rata ) adalah biaya variabel yang dibebankan untuk setiap unit output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-70RE_3kC1KM/TtCjGvEQR6I/AAAAAAAAAQY/DZ4g-_yzf2o/s1600/Rumus+AVC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-70RE_3kC1KM/TtCjGvEQR6I/AAAAAAAAAQY/DZ4g-_yzf2o/s1600/Rumus+AVC.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Averege Total Cost ( biaya total rata-rata ) adalah biaya produksi yang dibebankan untuk setiap unit output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WvG8pdoQo9E/TtCjS2DaxaI/AAAAAAAAAQg/ISDYCLdJ5gA/s1600/Rumus+ATC+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WvG8pdoQo9E/TtCjS2DaxaI/AAAAAAAAAQg/ISDYCLdJ5gA/s1600/Rumus+ATC+1.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -48px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Marginal Cost ( biaya marginal ) adalah tambahan atau berkurangnya biaya total karena bertambahnya atau berkurangnya satu unit output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JLmafggqtRw/TtCjlYGSHiI/AAAAAAAAAQo/kp5Wmt0Ik6s/s1600/Rumus+MC++1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JLmafggqtRw/TtCjlYGSHiI/AAAAAAAAAQo/kp5Wmt0Ik6s/s1600/Rumus+MC++1.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kurva Biaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya produksi dibedakan menjadi biaya produksi jangka pendek dan biaya produksi jangka panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya Produksi Jangka Pendek</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam biaya produksi jangka pendek perusahaan sudah mempunyai peralatan-peralatan untuk produksi seperti mesin,gedung dan tanah. Masalah yang perlu diperhatikan adalah masalah kebijaksanaan bahan baku,tenaga kerja dan lain-lain yang merupakan biaya variabel. Jadi dalam biaya produksi jangka pendek ini terdapat biaya tetap dan biaya variabel.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wEcHXjkIsqw/TtCklfNdTzI/AAAAAAAAAQw/M1gYca9PbbE/s1600/Tabel+dan+kurva+biaya.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="304" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wEcHXjkIsqw/TtCklfNdTzI/AAAAAAAAAQw/M1gYca9PbbE/s640/Tabel+dan+kurva+biaya.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dari gambar diatas sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. AVC minimum bila garis singgung kurva TVC melalui titik origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. ATC minimum bila garis singgung TC melalui titik origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. AVC dan ATC minimum bila keduanya memotong MC.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya Produksi Jangka Panjang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ongkos produksi jangka panjang,perusahaan dapat menambah semua faktor produksi,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sehingga tidak ada ongkos tetap dalam jangka panjang.Semua pengeluaran merupakan ongkos variabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5-OuGNEKnrY/TtCk_wTFyNI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/4satkI_-f3o/s1600/Kurva+isoquant+kemungkinan+kapasitas+produksi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5-OuGNEKnrY/TtCk_wTFyNI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/4satkI_-f3o/s400/Kurva+isoquant+kemungkinan+kapasitas+produksi.png" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_66" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/24.png?w=300&h=127"
style='width:225pt;height:95.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title="24"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kemungkinan Kapasitas Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam analisa ekonomi kapasitas pabrik digambarkan oleh kurve AC.Kapasitas 1 ditunjukkan oleh ACI,kapasitas 2 ditunjukkan oleh ACI2 dan kapasitas 3 oleh ACI3,dengan demikian pengusaha mempunyai 3 alternatif kapasitas produksi beserta biayanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari gambar tersebut menunjukkan bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Produksi < 125 unit,kapasitas 1 merupakan kapasitas yang paling efisien,karena biaya produksinya paling minimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Produksi antara 125 sampai 140 unit,kapasitas 2 merupakan kapasitas yang paling efisien.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Produksi > 140 unit,kapasitas 3 merupakan kapasitas yang paling efisien.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurva Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) adalah kurva yang menunjukkan ongkos rata-rata yang paling minimum untuk berbagai tingkat produksi,apabila perusahaan selalu menambah kapasitas produksiny.LRAC Curve dibentuk dari kumpulan AC yang banyak sekali,maka bentuknya menyerupai huruf U.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yzmBBJWIjyQ/TtClL_BKibI/AAAAAAAAARA/kC8y7D8rQeo/s1600/Kurva+Long+Run+Average+Cost.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="138" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yzmBBJWIjyQ/TtClL_BKibI/AAAAAAAAARA/kC8y7D8rQeo/s400/Kurva+Long+Run+Average+Cost.png" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_67" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/25.png?w=300&h=104"
style='width:225pt;height:78pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.png"
o:title="25"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;">Kurva Long Run Average Cost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurva LRAC tidak menyinggung kurve-kurve AC pada titik yang terendah.Dalam gambar tersebut hanya kurva Acx yang disinggung oleh kurva LRAC pada titik yang paling rendah yaitu titik B.Kurva-kurva AC yang ada disebelah kiri dan kanan kurva Acx tidak disinggung pada titik yang paling minimum.Dalam jangka panjang titik terendah AC tidak menggambarkan ongkos produksi yang paling minimum untuk menghasilkan satu tingkat produksi,sebab terdapat AC lain yang dapat lebih meminimumkan ongkos.Kurva AC1 dan AC2,titik A merupakan titik terendah dari ACI,sehingga dalam jangka pendek produksi sebesar qa merupakan produksi dengan biaya yang paling minimum. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tapi dalam jangka panjang belum merupakan biaya yang paling minimum,sebab jika kapasitas produksi yang berikutnya digunakan (AC2),produksi qa dapat diproduksi dengan biaya yang lebih rendah lagi A2 pada AC2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yCnBttJYxSc/TtCmW-jpwUI/AAAAAAAAARI/dWyfejEgIBs/s1600/Tabel+%2526+Kurva+biaya+produksi+jangka+panjang.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yCnBttJYxSc/TtCmW-jpwUI/AAAAAAAAARI/dWyfejEgIBs/s640/Tabel+%2526+Kurva+biaya+produksi+jangka+panjang.png" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika perusahaan ingin berproduksi 2 unit untuk jangka pendek,pengusaha memilih kapasitas pabrik pada kurva SACI dengan biaya Rp 300,-.Untuk produksi 4 unit, pengusaha akan memilih kapasitas pabrik pada kurva SACI2 dengan ongkos Rp 150,-.Pada produksi 4 unit ini,perusahaan dapat menggunakan kapasitas pada SACI,tapi biayanya lebih tinggi dan seterusnya.Kurva LRAC disebut pula dengan kurva amplop,sebab SAC selalu di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurva LRAC menyerupai bentuk huruf U disebabkan oleh sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Economies Of Scale atau Increasing Returns To Scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurva LRAC bergerak kekanan semakin menurun.Ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan produksi,karena para pengusaha bisa memperbesar fasilitas produksi,sehingga terjadi penghematan ongkos produksi.Hal ini menyebabkan ongkos produksi rata-rata menjadi rendah.Faktor-faktor yang merupakan Economies Scale sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Spesialisasi faktor-faktor produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Penurunan harga bahan mentah,karena pembelian yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Hasil dari produk sampingan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Perusahaan besar mendorong pengembangan fasilitas diluar perusahaan yang berguna baginya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5. Diseconomies Of Scale atau Decreasing Returns To Scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perusahaan yang terus berkembang besar pada suatu tngkat tertentu cenderung tidak efisien,sehingga produktifitasnya menurun.Akibatnya ongkos produksi menaik.Hal ini terlihat pada kurva LRAC sisi kanan menaik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penerimaan (Revenue)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penerimaan atau Revenue adalah semua penerimaan produsen dari hasil penjualan barang atau outputnya.Macam-macam revenue sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Total Revenue (TR) adalah penerimaan total dari hasil penjualan output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1rvDo74-HFo/TtCmpHzjBsI/AAAAAAAAARQ/eCeWKE32Ypg/s1600/Rumus+TR.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1rvDo74-HFo/TtCmpHzjBsI/AAAAAAAAARQ/eCeWKE32Ypg/s1600/Rumus+TR.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_70" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/28.png?w=300&h=40"
style='width:225pt;height:30pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.png"
o:title="28"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Average Revenue (AR) adalah penerimaan perunit dari penjualan output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X2FGtkdNZIY/TtCnK4zau6I/AAAAAAAAARY/7ct-jfEz3Ao/s1600/Rumus+AR.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X2FGtkdNZIY/TtCnK4zau6I/AAAAAAAAARY/7ct-jfEz3Ao/s1600/Rumus+AR.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Marginal Revenue (MR) adalah kenaikan atau penurunan penerimaan sebagai akibat dari penambahan atau pengurangan satu unit output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PvOsMOd4Y3c/TtCnzAiZfjI/AAAAAAAAARg/dhsvTcUku5I/s1600/Rumus+MR+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PvOsMOd4Y3c/TtCnzAiZfjI/AAAAAAAAARg/dhsvTcUku5I/s1600/Rumus+MR+1.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bentuk-bentuk kurva TR,MR dan AR tergantung dari jenis pasarnya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Pasar Persaingan Sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam pasar ini harga ditentukan oleh pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DRzsw5EqUrw/TtCoBOwY_vI/AAAAAAAAARo/UtMFlJPUk5Y/s1600/TR%252CAR+dan+MR+di+Pasar+Persaingan+Sempurna.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DRzsw5EqUrw/TtCoBOwY_vI/AAAAAAAAARo/UtMFlJPUk5Y/s640/TR%252CAR+dan+MR+di+Pasar+Persaingan+Sempurna.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam pasar ini perusahaan dapat mempengaruhi harga,bahkan menentukannya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BxLQVrjWE4U/TtCoOGX75RI/AAAAAAAAARw/A6xsvfFMbaE/s1600/TR%252CAR+dan+MR+di+Pasar+Persaingan+Tidak+Sempurna.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BxLQVrjWE4U/TtCoOGX75RI/AAAAAAAAARw/A6xsvfFMbaE/s640/TR%252CAR+dan+MR+di+Pasar+Persaingan+Tidak+Sempurna.png" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sifat-sifat dari konsep revenue sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Total Revenue naik pada saat Eh dari kurva permintaan (AR) lebih dari satu yang berarti penurunan harga 1% ,berakibat kenaikan permintaan lebih dari 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Total Revenue maksimum pada Eh = 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Total Revenue turun pada saat Eh < 1 yang berarti penurunan harga 1% berakibat kenaikan permintaan < 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Keuntungan Maximum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. I. Pendekatan Total<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Laba Total (p) adalah perbedaan antara penerimaan total (TR) dan biaya total (TC). Laba terbesar terjadi pada selisih posistif terbesar antara TR dengan TC. Pada selisih negative antar TR dengan TC perusahaan mengalami kerugian, sedang jika TR = TC perusahaan berada pada titik impas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam menentukan keuntungan maksimum ada 2 cara sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a) Keuntungan maksimum dicari dengan jalan mencari selisih antara keuntungan maksimum dengan ongkos minimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">b) Keuntungan maksimum terjadi pada saat MR = MC.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hasil Penjualan Total,seluruh jumlah pendapatan yang diterima perusahaan dari menjual barangjang diproduksikannja dinamakan hasil penjualan total (TR:yaitu dari perkataan Total Revenue).Telah diterangkan bahwa dalam persaingan sempurna harga tidak akan berubah walau bagaimanapun banyaknya jumlah barang yang dijual perusahaan.Ini menyebabkan kurva penjualan total (TR) adalah berbentuk garis lurus yang bermula dari titik O.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5-fJp8HUJnE/TtCokVC5hHI/AAAAAAAAAR4/rnXhH-3jeYw/s1600/Keuntungan+maximum.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5-fJp8HUJnE/TtCokVC5hHI/AAAAAAAAAR4/rnXhH-3jeYw/s640/Keuntungan+maximum.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_77"
o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/35.png?w=300&h=97"
style='width:225pt;height:72.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.png"
o:title="35"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_78" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/36.png?w=300&h=107"
style='width:225pt;height:80.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.png"
o:title="36"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mencari Keuntungan Dengan Pendekatan Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurva TC berada di atas kurva TR menggambarkan bahwa perusahaan mengalami kerugian. Produksi mencapai diantara 2 sampai 9 unit kurva TC berada di bawah kurva TR,perusahaan memperoleh keuntungan.Menentukan Keuntungan Maksimum dengan Kurva Biaya dan Penjualan Total.Garis tegak di antara TC dan TR,garis tegak yang terpanjang produksi adalah 7 unit,menggambarkan keuntungan yang paling maksimum.Produksi mencapai 10 unit atau lebih kurva TC telah beada di atas kurva TR kembali, perusahaan mengalami kerugian kembali.Perpotongan di antara kurva TC dan kurva TR dinamakan titik impas (break-even point) yang menggambarkan biaya total yang dikeluarkan perusahaan adalah sama dengan hasil penjualan total yang diterimanya.Perpotongan tersebut berlaku di dua titik,yaitu titik A dan titik B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Pendekatan Marginal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perusahaan memaksimumkan keuntungan pada saat penerimaan marginal (MR) sama dengan biaya marginal (MC).Biaya Marginal (MC) adalah perubahan biaya total perunit perubahan output. Secara matematis dirumuskan:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y9a47-nWXM8/TtCpSxAgigI/AAAAAAAAASI/v5K7M6N3KY0/s1600/Rumus+MC+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y9a47-nWXM8/TtCpSxAgigI/AAAAAAAAASI/v5K7M6N3KY0/s1600/Rumus+MC+2.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_79" o:spid="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/37.png?w=180&h=56"
style='width:135pt;height:42pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.png"
o:title="37"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penerimaan Marginal (MR) adalah perubahan penerimaan total per unit output atau penjualan.Hasil Penjualan Marjinal,satu konsep (istilah) mengenai hasil penjualan yang sangat penting untuk diketahui dalam analisis penentuan harga dan produksi oleh suatu perusahaan adalah pengertian hasil penjualan marjinal (MR yang merupakan singkatan dari perkataan Marjinal’Revenue), yaitu tambahan hasil penjualanjangdiperoleh perusahaan dari menjual satu unit lagi barangyang diproduksikannya.Dalam pasar persaingan sempurna berlaku keadaan berikut harga hasil penjualan rata-rata hasil penjualan marjinal.Kurva d() = AR0 = MRn menggambarkan kesamaan tersebut pada harga Rp 3000, dan kurva d0 = AR0 = MR0 menggambarkan kesamaan tersebut pada harga Rp 6000.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jkCpoQ8s2E0/TtCpg8OJ_NI/AAAAAAAAASQ/8ucqeycrLVI/s1600/Keuntungan+maximum+dengan+pendekatan+marginal.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="450" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jkCpoQ8s2E0/TtCpg8OJ_NI/AAAAAAAAASQ/8ucqeycrLVI/s640/Keuntungan+maximum+dengan+pendekatan+marginal.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_81" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/39.png?w=300&h=115"
style='width:225pt;height:86.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.png"
o:title="39"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mencari Keuntungan Maksimum Dengan Pendekatan Marginal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pendekatan Biaya Marjinal dan Hasil Penjualan Marjinal.Dalam jangka pendek terdapat empat kemungkinan dalam corak keuntungan atau kerugian perusahaan (atau keadaan keseimbangan perusahaan),yaitu; :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Mendapat untung luar biasa (untung melebihi normal)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Mendapat untung normal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Mengalami kerugaian tetapi masih dapat membayar biaya berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Dalam keadaan menutup atau membubarkan perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Pendekatan Rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hasil Penjualan Rata-rata,untuk suatu perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan sempurna hasil penjualan rata-rata (AR) adalah harga barang yang diproduksi perusahaan adalah Rp 3000 maka d0=AR0= MRQ adalah kurva permintaan yang dihadapi perusahaan. Dengan demikian kurva ini adalah kurva hasil penjualan rata-rata pada harga barang sebanyak Rp 3000 (dan dinyatakan sebagai AR^. Kalau harga barang yang dijual perusahaan adalah Rp 6000, kurva d} = AR} = MRj adalah kurva permintaan dan juga kurva hasil penjualan rata-rata pada harga Rp 6000.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam mencari keuntungan maksimum dengan pendekatan rata-rata,yaitu menggabungkan antara pasar persaingan sempurna dengan persaingan pasar tidak sempurna:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7lh6KkKY6Do/TtCrhLet8DI/AAAAAAAAASw/fXDpj5zWLgw/s1600/Rumus+keuntungan+max+pasar+persainga+tak+sempurna.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7lh6KkKY6Do/TtCrhLet8DI/AAAAAAAAASw/fXDpj5zWLgw/s640/Rumus+keuntungan+max+pasar+persainga+tak+sempurna.png" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dari tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa keuntungan maksimum adalah pada Q = 4 satuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Cfvjalz8VgI/TtCqUCNueCI/AAAAAAAAASg/CXMKvvCBkkc/s1600/Rumus+keuntungan+max.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="61" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Cfvjalz8VgI/TtCqUCNueCI/AAAAAAAAASg/CXMKvvCBkkc/s400/Rumus+keuntungan+max.png" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan Gambar tersebut,keuntungan maksimum dicapai pada kurva TR dan TC yang jarak vertikalnya paling lebar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika dengan menggunakan MR = MC,keuntungan maksimum dicapai pada saat MR berpotongan dengan MC.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam mencari keuntungan maksimum di Pasar Persaingan Sempurna sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5V6k5vvqypU/TtCqqdzbpLI/AAAAAAAAASo/kfso6YKr4Xc/s1600/Keuntungan+Maksimum+di+Pasar+Persaingan+Sempurna.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5V6k5vvqypU/TtCqqdzbpLI/AAAAAAAAASo/kfso6YKr4Xc/s640/Keuntungan+Maksimum+di+Pasar+Persaingan+Sempurna.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-1363821493001603922011-11-26T00:18:00.000-08:002011-11-26T00:18:47.194-08:00Teori Produksi ( 6 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (6)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UjCesWFBPyQ/TtCdnnJUboI/AAAAAAAAAOw/bxvHejoMjFM/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UjCesWFBPyQ/TtCdnnJUboI/AAAAAAAAAOw/bxvHejoMjFM/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LX4J6n32YOo/TtCdx-Zjh6I/AAAAAAAAAO4/-EsgiB4JN3A/s1600/Kurva+skala+ekonomi+3+kemungkinan.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LX4J6n32YOo/TtCdx-Zjh6I/AAAAAAAAAO4/-EsgiB4JN3A/s400/Kurva+skala+ekonomi+3+kemungkinan.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="background: #FEFEFE; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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o:title="ekonomi"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
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</div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Inilah masalah dari return to scale yang memiliki tiga kemungkinankeadaan. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pertama</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">, jika proporsi kenaikan semua input sama dengan proporsi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">kenaikan input, maka returns to scale adalah konstan. Misalnya, jika semua input didua kalilipatkan dan menyebabkan output menjadi dua kali lipat juga, maka returns to scale adalah konstan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kedua</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">, jika proporsi kenaikan output lebih besar dari proporsi kenaikan input,maka dinamakan increasing returns to scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: #FEFEFE; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ketiga</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">, jika proporsi kenaikan output lebih kecil dari proporsi kenaikan input, maka dinamakan decreasing returns to scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Produksi Optimal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya (Cost) secara umum biaya dikelompokkan menjadi dua bagian:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Biaya implisit:biaya yang diakui tanpa mengeluarkan uang kas secara nyata,contohnya penyusutan dan opportunity cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Biaya eksplisit: biaya yang dengan jelas mengeluarkan uang kas, dalam jangka pendek terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">• Biaya tetap (fixed cost) dan biaya variabel (variable cost)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">• Biaya total (total cost) terdiri dari total biaya tetap (total fixed cost) dan total biaya variabel (total variable cost)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yKUbZyX6w_U/TtCeY5zB0VI/AAAAAAAAAPA/lYRGf4a2X6M/s1600/Rumus+TC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yKUbZyX6w_U/TtCeY5zB0VI/AAAAAAAAAPA/lYRGf4a2X6M/s1600/Rumus+TC.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/54.png?w=208&h=33"
style='width:125.25pt;height:19.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title="54"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">• Biaya rata-rata (average cost) terdiri dari biaya tetap rata-rata (average fixed cost) dan biaya variabel rata-rata (average variable cost)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EDOjHAGm2XM/TtCemTb2p0I/AAAAAAAAAPI/oq5lJT4Up6Q/s1600/Rumus+ATC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EDOjHAGm2XM/TtCemTb2p0I/AAAAAAAAAPI/oq5lJT4Up6Q/s1600/Rumus+ATC.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -42px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">• Biaya marginal, biaya tambahan dari satu unit output yang dihasilkan yang direpresentasikan dari turunan pertama biaya total<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jYBG7D5Hw5w/TtCgf2TqxxI/AAAAAAAAAQA/uCCuQF_fhDQ/s1600/Rumus+MC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jYBG7D5Hw5w/TtCgf2TqxxI/AAAAAAAAAQA/uCCuQF_fhDQ/s1600/Rumus+MC.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vhgms4f_UXo/TtCfC92ulAI/AAAAAAAAAPY/UEJwkcRNG-k/s1600/Kurva+biaya.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vhgms4f_UXo/TtCfC92ulAI/AAAAAAAAAPY/UEJwkcRNG-k/s320/Kurva+biaya.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kurva Biaya</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Penggunaan Faktor Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk memproduksi suatu barang (q) dapat diformulasikan q = f(K,L) yang menunjukkan jumlah maksimum barang yang dapat diproduksi dengan menggunakan berbagai alternatif kombinasi input modal (K) dan tenaga kerja (L).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X9ddO9sfWk8/TtCfVVNBzkI/AAAAAAAAAPg/cyo3k7zTwx4/s1600/Kurva+pergeseran+isoquant.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X9ddO9sfWk8/TtCfVVNBzkI/AAAAAAAAAPg/cyo3k7zTwx4/s320/Kurva+pergeseran+isoquant.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/91.png?w=300&h=93"
style='width:293.25pt;height:90.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title="91"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kombinasi dua jenis faktor produksi yang memberikan tingkat hasil yang sama ditunjukkan dalam kurva isoquant seperti gambar diatas.Sumbu vertikal adalah modal yang direpresentasikan dengan mesin (per jam) dengan sumbu horizontal tenaga kerja (per jam).Pada gambar 2 semakin jauh isoquant dari titik origin semakin besar jumlah output yang dihasilkan dan semakin banyak jumlah input yang digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam produksi jangka panjang seluruh faktor produksi seluruhnya bersifat variabel atau dengan kata lain tidak terdapat lagi biaya tetap seperti halnya produksi dalam jangka pendek. Perusahaan dapat memilih kombinasi penggunaan input sesuai dengan skala produksi yang diharapkannya.Dalam hal penambahan faktor input produksi maka implikasi dari hal tersebut adalah perubahan dari output produksi sebagai variable dependen produksi.Ada tiga fenomena yang biasanya muncul akibat penambahan factor produksi yang berkaitan dengan ouput produksi, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Skala hasil yang tetap (constant return to scale): kenaikan output memiliki proporsi yang sama dengan penambahan input.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Skala hasil yang meningkat (increasing return to scale): kenaikan output memiliki proporsi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan penambahan input.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3) Skala hasil yang menurun (decreasing return to scale): kenaikan output memiliki proporsi yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan penambahan input.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pnarmdcBYtw/TtCfjRE6LKI/AAAAAAAAAPo/Pg7vvHFVsIM/s1600/Kurva+isoquant+Penambahan+Faktor+Produksi+dan+Implikasi+Terhadap+Output+Produksi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pnarmdcBYtw/TtCfjRE6LKI/AAAAAAAAAPo/Pg7vvHFVsIM/s320/Kurva+isoquant+Penambahan+Faktor+Produksi+dan+Implikasi+Terhadap+Output+Produksi.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_26" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://agel007.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/101.png?w=300&h=199"
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o:title="101"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Penambahan Faktor Produksi dan Implikasi Terhadap Output Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendapatan salah satu parameter keberhasilan dalam berproduksi adalah jumlah pendapatan (revenue) yang didapatkan dari kegiatan produksi. Pendapatan (revenue) dapat dinotasikan dengan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xUAorFPJbNQ/TtCfyvtKFzI/AAAAAAAAAPw/mXyAcZtHNMg/s1600/Rumus+TR.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xUAorFPJbNQ/TtCfyvtKFzI/AAAAAAAAAPw/mXyAcZtHNMg/s1600/Rumus+TR.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_27" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
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style='width:78pt;height:21.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title="113"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kaitannya dengan penghitungan keuntungan maka diperlukan nilai marginal (tambahan satu unit) dari pendapatan yaitu marginal revenue (MR):<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lTZ_9ejTnIE/TtCf-nacEVI/AAAAAAAAAP4/nLTCYyfFLd4/s1600/Rumus+MR.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lTZ_9ejTnIE/TtCf-nacEVI/AAAAAAAAAP4/nLTCYyfFLd4/s1600/Rumus+MR.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan asumsi pasar dalam keadaan sempurna maka kurva umum dari MR adalah garis horizontal yang nilainya sama dengan permintaan (D),pendapatan rata-rata (AR) dan harga (P).Dalam konvensional berdasarkan asumsi maksimalisasi keuntungan yang hendak dicapai mendorong produsen melimpahkan sebagian biaya yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya kepada pihak lain yang disebut biaya eksternal.Contoh dari biaya eksternal adalah biaya penyaringan limbah atau daur ulang buangan pabrik yang mengakibatkan biaya kesehatan tambahan bagi masyarakat sekitar atau biayahilangnya lingkungan yang bersih yang menjadi hak masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-53099945004205653732011-11-25T23:58:00.000-08:002011-11-25T23:58:26.665-08:00Teori Produksi ( 5 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (5)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RZCbx4irCOk/TtCbuD3LaJI/AAAAAAAAAOg/SjvtEdYsyvc/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RZCbx4irCOk/TtCbuD3LaJI/AAAAAAAAAOg/SjvtEdYsyvc/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Isocost v.s isoquant Grafik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ekonomi garis isocost menunjukkan semua kombinasi input yang jumlah total biaya yang sama Meskipun mirip dengan kendala anggaran dalam teori konsumen, penggunaan garis isocost berkaitan dengan biaya-minimisasi dalam produksi, sebagai lawan maksimalisasi utilitas. Untuk input dua produksi tenaga kerja dan modal, dengan biaya unit tetap dari input, persamaan garis isokos ini<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dimana w merepresentasikan tingkat upah tenaga kerja, r merupakan tarif sewa modal, K adalah jumlah modal yang digunakan, L adalah jumlah tenaga kerja yang digunakan, dan C adalah biaya total jumlah mereka memperoleh dua input.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai absolut dari kemiringan garis isocost, dengan modal dan tenaga kerja vertikal diplot diplot horizontal, sama dengan rasio biaya unit tenaga kerja dan modal. Kemiringan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Garis isokos dikombinasikan dengan peta isokuan untuk menentukan titik produksi yang optimal pada setiap tingkat output tertentu. Secara khusus, titik singgung antara isokuan dan garis isocost memberikan kombinasi terendah-biaya input yang dapat menghasilkan tingkat output yang terkait dengan isokuan. Ekuivalen, memberikan tingkat maksimum output yang dapat diproduksi dengan biaya total yang diberikan input. Sebuah garis menghubungkan titik-titik singgung dari isokuan dan isokos (dengan harga input tetap konstan) disebut jalur ekspansi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Masalah biaya minimisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Masalah minimisasi biaya perusahaan adalah untuk memilih bundel masukan (K, L) layak untuk y tingkat output yang biaya sesedikit mungkin. Sebuah bundel masukan meminimalkan biaya adalah titik pada isokuan untuk y diberikan yang ada di garis isocost serendah mungkin. Dengan kata lain, bundel masukan meminimalkan biaya harus memenuhi dua kondisi:itu adalah pada y-isokuan ada titik lain pada y-isokuan adalah pada garis isokos rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kasus isoquant cembung ke asal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika y-isoquant halus dan cembung ke asal dan meminimalkan biaya-bundel melibatkan jumlah positif dari setiap masukan, kemudian pada masukan meminimalkan biaya-bundel garis isokos bersinggungan dengan y-isokuan. Sekarang karena nilai absolut dari kemiringan garis isocost adalah biaya input rasio w / r, dan nilai absolut dari kemiringan isokuan adalah tingkat substitusi marjinal (MRTS), kita sampai pada kesimpulan berikut: Jika isokuan yang halus dan cembung ke asal dan bundel masukan meminimalkan biaya melibatkan jumlah positif dari setiap masukan, maka bundel ini memenuhi dua kondisi berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hal ini pada y-isokuan (yaitu F (K, L) = y mana F adalah fungsi produksi), danyang MRTS di (K, L) sama dengan w / r.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kondisi bahwa MRTS sama dengan w / r dapat diberikan interpretasi intuitif berikut. Kita tahu bahwa MRTS adalah sama dengan rasio produk marjinal dari dua input. Jadi kondisi bahwa MRTS sama dengan rasio biaya input setara dengan kondisi bahwa produk marjinal per dolar sama untuk dua input. Kondisi ini masuk akal: pada kombinasi input tertentu, jika dolar ekstra yang dihabiskan untuk input output 1 menghasilkan lebih dari satu dolar ekstra yang dihabiskan pada input 2, kemudian lebih banyak masukan 1 harus digunakan dan kurang input 2, dan agar kombinasi input tidak bisa optimal. Hanya jika dolar yang dihabiskan untuk setiap masukan sama produktif adalah bundel input yang optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Economies of scale - Skala ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X4VtkxFI1Ss/TtCb-HFVY2I/AAAAAAAAAOo/SU6vg3t0QDk/s1600/Kurva+skala+ekonomi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X4VtkxFI1Ss/TtCb-HFVY2I/AAAAAAAAAOo/SU6vg3t0QDk/s320/Kurva+skala+ekonomi.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_220" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Economies_of_scale.PNG/330px-Economies_of_scale.PNG"
style='width:209.25pt;height:177.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="330px-Economies_of_scale"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebagai kuantitas produksi meningkat dari Q ke Q2, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">rata-rata biaya unit masing-masing menurun dari C ke C1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skala ekonomi, dalam ekonomi mikro, mengacu pada keuntungan biaya yang perusahaan memperoleh karena ekspansi. Ada banyak faktor yang menyebabkan biaya rata-rata produsen per unit jatuh sebagai skala output meningkat. "Skala ekonomis" adalah konsep jangka panjang dan mengacu pada pengurangan dalam biaya unit sebagai ukuran fasilitas dan tingkat penggunaan input lain meningkat disekonomis skala. Adalah sebaliknya. Sumber umum dari skala ekonomi pembelian (curah pembelian bahan melalui kontrak jangka panjang), manajerial (meningkatkan spesialisasi manajer), keuangan (memperoleh bunga yang lebih rendah-biaya ketika meminjam dari bank dan memiliki akses ke rentang yang lebih besar keuangan instrumen), pemasaran (menyebarkan biaya iklan selama rentang yang lebih besar dari output di pasar media), dan teknologi (mengambil keuntungan dari kembali ke skala dalam fungsi produksi). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Masing-masing faktor mengurangi biaya rata-rata jangka panjang (LRAC) produksi dengan menggeser biaya total jangka pendek rata-rata (SRATC) kurva ke bawah dan ke kanan. Skala ekonomi juga berasal sebagian dari belajar dengan melakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skala ekonomi adalah sebuah konsep praktis yang dapat menjelaskan fenomena dunia nyata seperti pola perdagangan internasional, jumlah perusahaan di pasar, dan bagaimana perusahaan mendapatkan "terlalu besar untuk gagal." Eksploitasi skala ekonomi membantu menjelaskan mengapa perusahaan tumbuh besar di beberapa industri. Ini juga merupakan pembenaran bagi kebijakan perdagangan bebas, karena beberapa skala ekonomis mungkin memerlukan pasar yang lebih besar daripada yang mungkin dalam suatu negara tertentu - misalnya, tidak akan efisien untuk Liechtenstein untuk memiliki pembuat mobil sendiri, jika mereka hanya akan menjual untuk pasar lokal mereka. Seorang pembuat mobil tunggal dapat menguntungkan, namun, jika mereka mengekspor mobil ke pasar global di samping menjual ke pasar lokal. Skala ekonomi juga memainkan peran dalam sebuah "monopoli alami."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para pemikir manajemen dan penerjemah dari Toyota Production System untuk layanan, Profesor John seddon berpendapat bahwa upaya untuk menciptakan ekonomi dari skala bangunan adalah sebuah mitos di sektor jasa. Sebaliknya, ia percaya bahwa ekonomi akan datang dari meningkatkan aliran layanan, dari penerimaan pertama dari permintaan pelanggan untuk kepuasan akhirnya permintaan itu. Dalam mencoba untuk mengelola dan mengurangi biaya per unit, perusahaan sering meningkatkan biaya total dengan menciptakan permintaan kegagalan. Seddon mengklaim bahwa argumen untuk skala ekonomi adalah campuran a) masuk akal jelas dan b) data keras sedikit, membawa bersama-sama untuk menghasilkan dua pernyataan yang luas, yang ada sedikit bukti faktual keras. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebuah monopoli alamiah sering didefinisikan sebagai perusahaan yang menikmati skala ekonomi untuk semua ukuran perusahaan yang masuk akal, karena itu selalu lebih efisien bagi satu perusahaan untuk memperluas daripada perusahaan baru yang akan didirikan, monopoli alami tidak memiliki pesaing. Karena tidak memiliki pesaing, kemungkinan monopoli memiliki kekuatan pasar signifikan. Oleh karena itu, beberapa industri yang telah diklaim ditandai dengan monopoli alamiah telah diatur atau milik publik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Skala ekonomis dan kembali ke skala<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skala ekonomi yang terkait dengan dan dapat dengan mudah menjadi bingung dengan gagasan ekonomi teoritis kembali ke skala. Dimana skala ekonomi mengacu pada biaya perusahaan, kembali ke skala menggambarkan hubungan antara input dan output dalam fungsi jangka panjang (semua variabel input) produksi. Sebuah fungsi produksi memiliki skala pengembalian konstan jika peningkatan semua input oleh beberapa hasil proporsi peningkatan output oleh proporsi yang sama. Pengembalian menurun jika, katakanlah, dua kali lipat hasil input dalam waktu kurang dari dua kali lipat output, dan meningkatkan jika lebih dari dua kali lipat output. Jika fungsi matematika yang digunakan untuk mewakili fungsi produksi, dan jika itu fungsi produksi adalah homogen, kembali ke skala yang diwakili oleh tingkat homogenitas fungsi. Fungsi produksi Homegeneous dengan skala pengembalian konstan homogen tingkat pertama, yang meningkat atas skala yang diwakili oleh derajat homogenitas yang lebih besar dari satu, dan menurunkan kembali skala dengan derajat homogenitas kurang dari satu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika perusahaan adalah pesaing sempurna di semua pasar input, dan dengan demikian per-unit harga semua input yang tidak terpengaruh oleh berapa banyak input yang dibeli perusahaan, maka dapat ditunjukkan bahwa pada tingkat tertentu output, perusahaan memiliki skala ekonomi jika dan hanya jika memiliki yang meningkat atas skala, memiliki skala disekonomis jika dan hanya jika memiliki menurun kembali ke skala, dan tidak memiliki ekonomi maupun skala disekonomis jika memiliki yang konstan atas skala. Dalam hal ini, dengan persaingan sempurna dalam pasar output ekuilibrium jangka panjang akan melibatkan semua perusahaan yang beroperasi pada titik minimum jangka panjang kurva biaya rata-rata mereka (yaitu, di perbatasan antara ekonomi dan disekonomis skala).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Namun, jika perusahaan tidak pesaing sempurna dalam pasar input, maka kesimpulan di atas dimodifikasi. Sebagai contoh, jika ada yang meningkat atas skala dalam beberapa berbagai tingkat output, tetapi perusahaan begitu besar dalam satu atau lebih pasar input yang meningkatkan pembelian atas masukan drive atas per-unit biaya input, maka perusahaan bisa disekonomis skala dalam berbagai tingkat output. Sebaliknya, jika perusahaan mampu mendapatkan diskon besar dari input, maka bisa memiliki skala ekonomi di beberapa berbagai tingkat output bahkan jika memiliki menurun kembali di produksi dalam rentang output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Literatur diasumsikan bahwa karena sifat kompetitif lelang terbalik, dan dalam rangka untuk mengkompensasi harga yang lebih rendah dan margin yang lebih rendah, pemasok mencari volume yang lebih tinggi untuk mempertahankan atau meningkatkan total pendapatan. Pembeli, pada gilirannya, manfaat dari biaya transaksi yang lebih rendah dan skala ekonomi yang dihasilkan dari volume yang lebih besar. Pada bagian sebagai akibatnya, banyak penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa volume pengadaan harus cukup tinggi untuk memberikan keuntungan yang cukup untuk menarik pemasok yang cukup, dan menyediakan pembeli dengan cukup tabungan untuk menutupi biaya tambahan mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Namun, cukup mengejutkan, Shalev dan Asbjornsen ditemukan, dalam penelitian mereka berdasarkan 139 lelang terbalik dilakukan di sektor publik dengan sektor publik pembeli, bahwa volume lelang yang lebih tinggi, atau skala ekonomi, tidak mengarah pada kesuksesan yang lebih baik dari lelang. Mereka menemukan bahwa volume Lelang tidak berkorelasi dengan kompetisi, atau dengan jumlah penawar, menunjukkan bahwa volume lelang tidak mempromosikan kompetisi tambahan. Mereka mencatat, bagaimanapun, bahwa data mereka termasuk berbagai macam produk, dan tingkat persaingan di pasar masing-masing bervariasi secara signifikan, dan menawarkan bahwa penelitian lebih lanjut tentang masalah ini harus dilakukan untuk menentukan apakah temuan ini tetap sama ketika membeli produk yang sama untuk volume kecil dan tinggi. Menjaga faktor kompetitif konstan, meningkatkan volume lelang selanjutnya dapat meningkatkan persaingan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Returns to scale<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu ekonomi, kembali ke skala dan skala ekonomi adalah istilah terkait yang menggambarkan apa yang terjadi sebagai skala peningkatan produksi dalam jangka panjang, ketika tingkat masukan semua termasuk penggunaan modal fisik adalah variabel (dipilih oleh perusahaan). Mereka adalah istilah yang berbeda dan tidak harus digunakan secara bergantian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kembali jangka panjang untuk skala muncul dalam konteks fungsi produksi perusahaan. Hal ini mengacu pada perubahan dalam output yang dihasilkan dari perubahan proporsional dalam semua input (di mana semua input meningkat dengan faktor konstan). Jika output meningkat oleh perubahan proporsional yang sama maka ada skala pengembalian konstan (CRS). Jika output meningkat kurang dari itu perubahan proporsional, ada menurun atas skala (DRS). Jika output meningkat lebih dari itu perubahan proporsional, ada yang meningkat atas skala (IRS). Jadi kembali ke skala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan adalah murni teknologi dikenakan dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh keputusan ekonomi atau oleh kondisi pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi produksi sebuah perusahaan bisa menunjukkan berbagai jenis kembali ke skala dalam rentang output yang berbeda. Biasanya, ada bisa meningkatkan kembali pada tingkat produksi yang relatif rendah, kembali menurun pada tingkat output yang relatif tinggi, dan hasil yang konstan pada satu tingkat output antara rentang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-53932867385660273132011-11-25T23:54:00.000-08:002011-11-25T23:54:30.469-08:00Teori Produksi ( 4 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (4)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bdMW5GepsEc/TtCYlNbGL3I/AAAAAAAAANY/nDTMKw8eX9U/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bdMW5GepsEc/TtCYlNbGL3I/AAAAAAAAANY/nDTMKw8eX9U/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Teori Produksi dengan Dua Faktor Berubah <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fungsi produksi jangka pendek apabila ada 2 macam input yang dipakai yaitu input tetap & input variabel<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Fungsi Produksi Jangka Pendek</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">a.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">- Produksi Rata-rata (average product)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Produksi yg secara rata-rata dihasilkan oleh setiap pekerja AP= TP/L</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">b.- </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Produksi marginal (marginal product)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Tambahan produksi yang diakibatkan oleh pertambahan satu tenaga kerja yang digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">MP = ∆TP / ∆L</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fungsi produksi jangka panjang apabila semua input adalah variabel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam teori produksi dengan satu faktor berubah, fungsi produksi didasarkan pada perubahan satu variabel faktor produksi saja, misalnya tenaga kerja yang berubah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimanakah asumsi bahwa terdapat dua jenis variabel faktor produksi yang caranya meminimum berubah, yaitu tanah dan tenaga kerja. Dalam hal ini, kita dapat kan biaya untuk menganggap kedua variabel faktor produksi tersebut masih harus mencapai suatu tingkat produksidi kombinasikan dengan satu atau lebih faktor produksi tetap yang tertentu.lain, atau hanya kedua faktor produksi itu saja yang diperlukan. Maka analisis tentang produksi dengan bagaimana seorang produsen dapat meminimumkan biaya dalam menggunakan sejumlah biaya usahanya untuk mencapai suatu tingkat produksi tertentu ditunjukkan. Fungsi produksi dalam teori produksi dengan dua faktor berubah dapat digambarkan dengan kurva isokuan (isoquant). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><br />
</span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Fungsi Produksi Jangka Panjang</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dalam Produksi Jangka Panjang, Faktor Produksi yang digunakan adalah variabel. Jika faktor produksi yang digunakan Variabel, maka pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOQUANT</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">danpendekatan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOCOST</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOQUANT</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kurva yang menunjukan kombinasi 2 input yang digunakan dalam proses produksi yang menghasilkan output dalam jumlah yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L3XlBHdpxTQ/TtCY52Jk1dI/AAAAAAAAANg/K6uUEvRdxeo/s1600/Kurva+isoquant.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L3XlBHdpxTQ/TtCY52Jk1dI/AAAAAAAAANg/K6uUEvRdxeo/s1600/Kurva+isoquant.png" /></a></div><div align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Slope dari Isoquant diturunkan dari fungsi produksinya apabila Q = f (K,L), Maka slo</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">pe dari isoquant adalah MP<sub>L</sub>/ MP<sub>K<o:p></o:p></sub></span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Analisa dari slope Isoquant ini sangat penting karena menunjukkan bagaimana suatu input bisa digantikan dgn input lain sementara output tetap. Slope Isoquant ini dikenal dgn istilah<br />
</span><em><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">MRTS (Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution)</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">yaitu tingkat dimana tenaga kerja (L) dapat digantikan dgn modal (K) sementara output konstan disepanjang Isoquant yang sama, maka :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><br />
</span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">MRTS = MP<sub>L</sub></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">/ MP<sub>K<o:p></o:p></sub></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TYzEfYBK5uQ/TtCZEkNLIlI/AAAAAAAAANo/EafpjC4j2wQ/s1600/Kurva+bentuk+isoquant+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TYzEfYBK5uQ/TtCZEkNLIlI/AAAAAAAAANo/EafpjC4j2wQ/s1600/Kurva+bentuk+isoquant+1.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_208" o:spid="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Isoquant_map.png"
style='width:240pt;height:192pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title="Isoquant_map"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebuah peta isokuan dimana Q3> Q2> Q1. Sebuah pilihan khas dari input akan tenaga kerja untuk X input dan modal untuk masukan Y. Lebih dari masukan X, Y masukan, atau keduanya yang dibutuhkan untuk memindahkan dari Q1 ke Q2 isokuan, atau dari Q2 ke Q3.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-px6ZmhQ2PZI/TtCZSMffY7I/AAAAAAAAANw/Cfx9jFlQwag/s1600/Kurva+bentuk+isoquant+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-px6ZmhQ2PZI/TtCZSMffY7I/AAAAAAAAANw/Cfx9jFlQwag/s1600/Kurva+bentuk+isoquant+2.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_211" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Isoquant_perfectsubs.png/250px-Isoquant_perfectsubs.png"
style='width:187.5pt;height:150pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="250px-Isoquant_perfectsubs"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A) Contoh peta isokuan dengan dua masukan yang substitusi sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vfmiWx6B-PY/TtCZZjBUqgI/AAAAAAAAAN4/qAHHBU-EQjo/s1600/Kurva+bentuk+isoquant+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vfmiWx6B-PY/TtCZZjBUqgI/AAAAAAAAAN4/qAHHBU-EQjo/s1600/Kurva+bentuk+isoquant+3.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_214" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="File:Isoquant perfect compliments.png" style='width:240pt;
height:192pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title="Isoquant perfect compliments"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B) Contoh peta isokuan dengan dua input yang sempurna melengkapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mhYr0AclIIA/TtCZ0YeoB2I/AAAAAAAAAOA/fAMhYzhX3co/s1600/Kurva+isoquant+lengkap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mhYr0AclIIA/TtCZ0YeoB2I/AAAAAAAAAOA/fAMhYzhX3co/s1600/Kurva+isoquant+lengkap.png" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_217" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TE-Production-Isoquant.png/250px-TE-Production-Isoquant.png"
style='width:187.5pt;height:153.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title="250px-TE-Production-Isoquant"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu ekonomi, isokuan (berasal dari kuantitas dan kata Yunani iso, yang berarti sama) adalah garis kontur ditarik melalui himpunan titik-titik di mana kuantitas output yang sama dihasilkan saat mengganti jumlah dari dua atau lebih input [1]. [2] Sementara pemetaan kurva indiferen membantu untuk memecahkan masalah utilitas memaksimalkan konsumen, transaksi pemetaan isokuan dengan masalah minimisasi biaya produsen. Isokuan biasanya digambar pada grafik modal-tenaga kerja, menunjukkan tradeoff teknologi antara modal dan tenaga kerja dalam fungsi produksi, dan penurunan marjinal kembali kedua input. Menambahkan satu input sambil memegang konstan yang lain akhirnya mengarah pada penurunan output yang marjinal, dan ini tercermin dalam bentuk isokuan. Sebuah keluarga isokuan dapat diwakili oleh sebuah peta isokuan, grafik menggabungkan sejumlah isokuan, masing-masing mewakili kuantitas output yang berbeda. Isokuan juga disebut kurva produk yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Produksi isoquant / Curve isocost<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Isoquant menunjukkan sejauh mana perusahaan tersebut memiliki kemampuan untuk mengganti antara dua input yang berbeda di akan untuk menghasilkan tingkat output yang sama. Sebuah peta isokuan juga dapat mengindikasikan menurun atau meningkat kembali ke skala yang didasarkan pada meningkatkan atau menurunkan jarak antara pasangan isokuan dari kenaikan output tetap, seperti meningkatkan output. Jika jarak antara mereka meningkat isokuan dengan meningkatnya output, fungsi produksi perusahaan adalah menunjukkan yang menurun atas skala; menggandakan kedua masukan akan mengakibatkan penempatan pada isokuan dengan kurang dari dua kali lipat output dari isokuan sebelumnya. Sebaliknya, jika jaraknya menurun dengan meningkatnya output, perusahaan mengalami hasil yang meningkat atas skala; penggandaan baik hasil masukan dalam penempatan pada isokuan dengan lebih dari dua kali output dari isokuan yang asli.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seperti dengan kurva indiferen, dua isokuan pernah bisa menyeberang. Juga, setiap kemungkinan kombinasi input pada isokuan. Akhirnya, setiap kombinasi input di atas atau ke kanan dari hasil isokuan dalam output lebih dari setiap titik pada isokuan. Meskipun produk marjinal input berkurang ketika Anda meningkatkan kuantitas input sambil memegang semua masukan lainnya konstan, produk marjinal tidak pernah negatif dalam kisaran yang diamati secara empiris sejak perusahaan tidak akan pernah rasional kenaikan input untuk penurunan output.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bentuk dari Isoquant<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika kedua input substitusi sempurna, peta yang dihasilkan dihasilkan isokuan diwakili dalam ara. A; dengan tingkat tertentu Q3 produksi, X input dapat digantikan oleh Y masukan pada tingkat yang tidak berubah. Masukan pengganti yang sempurna tidak mengalami penurunan tingkat marjinal kembali ketika mereka menggantikan satu sama lain dalam fungsi produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika kedua input yang sempurna melengkapi, peta isokuan mengambil bentuk ara. B, dengan tingkat produksi Q3, masukan X dan Y input hanya dapat dikombinasikan efisien dalam rasio tertentu yang terjadi pada ketegaran dalam isokuan. Perusahaan akan menggabungkan dua input dalam rasio yang dibutuhkan untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Isokuan biasanya dikombinasikan dengan garis isokos dalam rangka memecahkan masalah minimisasi biaya untuk tingkat output tertentu. Dalam kasus yang khas terlihat pada gambar di atas, dengan isokuan lancar melengkung, sebuah perusahaan dengan biaya unit tetap dari input akan memiliki kurva isocost yang linear dan miring ke bawah; setiap titik singgung antara kurva isokuan dan isocost merupakan biaya- meminimalkan kombinasi input untuk menghasilkan tingkat output yang terkait dengan isokuan itu. Sebuah garis menghubungkan titik-titik singgung dari isokuan dan isokos (dengan harga input tetap konstan) disebut jalur ekspansi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hanya bagian yang relevan dari bergalah iso adalah salah satu yang cembung ke asal, bagian dari kurva yang tidak cembung ke asal berarti produk marjinal negatif untuk faktor-faktor produksi. ISO tinggi-tinggi produksi Quant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOCOST</span></strong><b><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6Tl2KVfA3fA/TtCaO11wimI/AAAAAAAAAOI/aKWEC0pgVkA/s1600/Kurva+isoquant-isocost.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6Tl2KVfA3fA/TtCaO11wimI/AAAAAAAAAOI/aKWEC0pgVkA/s320/Kurva+isoquant-isocost.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><br />
</span></strong></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_205" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/Isoquant_isocost_graph.gif"
style='width:268.5pt;height:200.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif"
o:title="Isoquant_isocost_graph"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kurva yang menunjukkan berbagai kombinasi antara 2 input yang berbeda yang dapat dibeli oleh produsen pada tingkat biaya yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Secara Umum, biaya total dapat ditulis seperti berikut:</span></div><div align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">TC = P<sub>K</sub>.k + P<sub>L</sub></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><sub><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></sub></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">.L</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><br />
</span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dari turunan persamaan di atas, maka slope Isocost adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">P<sub>L</sub></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">/P<sub>K<o:p></o:p></sub></span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><sub><br />
</sub></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rfKPC4mNUhk/TtCaZhFSJxI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/rpeW3ozviCQ/s1600/Kurva+isocost.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rfKPC4mNUhk/TtCaZhFSJxI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/rpeW3ozviCQ/s1600/Kurva+isocost.png" /></a></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><sub><br />
</sub></span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jika Kurva<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOQUANT</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">bersinggungan dengan Kurva<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOCOST<sub>,</sub></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><sub><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></sub></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">maka akan terjadi keseimbangan produsen. Titik singgung kurva<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOQUANT</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">dgn kurva<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">ISOCOST</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">disebut</span><em><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">LCC (Least Cost Combination)<o:p></o:p></span></em></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><em><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"><br />
</span></em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DkiEp1bki60/TtCasmyvrvI/AAAAAAAAAOY/7xqUK2Zx4l8/s1600/Kurva+LCC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DkiEp1bki60/TtCasmyvrvI/AAAAAAAAAOY/7xqUK2Zx4l8/s1600/Kurva+LCC.png" /></a></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #990000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_186"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://wiswi.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/picture4.png?w=300&h=195"
style='width:225pt;height:146.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title="picture4"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Sifat ISOQUANT:</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">1. Cembung terhadap titik origin</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">2. Turun dari kiri atas ke kanan bawah</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">3. Tidak boleh saling berpotongan karena bisa membingungkan<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-90527609135833210752011-11-25T23:40:00.000-08:002011-11-25T23:40:08.833-08:00Teori Produksi ( 3 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (3)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xsdFVh1lbco/TtCGfTVkhEI/AAAAAAAAAMg/ZKD0cePzk_c/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xsdFVh1lbco/TtCGfTVkhEI/AAAAAAAAAMg/ZKD0cePzk_c/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kurva kemungkinan produksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Batas kemampuan suatu masyarakat untuk memproduksi barang dan jasa dapat dengan lebih jelas lagi ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan grafik yang menunjukkan kurva kemungkinan produksi. Dalam melukiskan kurva tersebut akan digunakan pemisalan-pemisalan dan angka-angka produksi barang industri dan barang pertanian. Langkah pertama yang harus dibuat dalam usaha untuk melukiskan kurva kemungkinan produksi adalah menentukan keadaan-keadaan yang ditunjukkan dalam suatu grafik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membentuk Kurva Kemungkinan Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_7Fn1N4t17U/TtCUDS8YUhI/AAAAAAAAAMo/2LzaRQ21XGQ/s1600/produksi+posibbilty+frontier.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_7Fn1N4t17U/TtCUDS8YUhI/AAAAAAAAAMo/2LzaRQ21XGQ/s320/produksi+posibbilty+frontier.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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o:title="024883612"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Kurva Kemungkinan Produksi</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam Gambar, sumbu tegak menunjukkan nilai produksi barang pertanian dan sumbu dasar menunjukkan nilai produksi barang industri. Setiap titik pada kurva ABCDE menggambarkan gabungan produksi barang pertanian dan barang industri yang akan diproduksi apabila faktor-faktor produksi sepenuhnya digunakan. Sebagai contoh, titik C menggambarkan perekonomian itu hanya mampu menghasilkan 9 barang industri dan 3 barang pertanian apabila faktor-faktor produksi sepenuhnya digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Titik A, B, C dan titik-titik lainnya menggambarkan gabungan produksi barang industri dan barang pertanian seperti yang ditunjukkan. Kurva yang digambarkan melalui titik A,B,C,D dan E dinamakan kurva kemungkinan produksi atau batas kemungkinan produksi. Kurva ini menggambarkan batas produksi yang paling maksimum yang dapat diproduksi dalam perekonomian. Setiap titik dalam kurva itu menggambarkan gabungan produksi maksimum barang industri dan barang pertanian yang dapat diproduksi. Sekiranya perekonomian itu menginginkan lebih banyak barang industri maka untuk memnuhinya produksi barang pertanian harus dikurangi. Dan sebaliknya, sekiranya diinginkan lebih banyak barang pertanian, produksi barang industri harus dikurangi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Biaya Peluang (<i>Opportunity Cost</i>)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Walaupun biaya peluang (opportunity cost) kadang-kadang sulit untuk dihitung, efek dari biaya peluang sangatlah universal dan nyata pada tingkat perorangan. Bahkan, prinsip ini dapat diaplikasikan kepada semua keputusan, dan bukan hanya bidang ekonomi. Sejak kemunculannya dalam karya seorang ekonom Jerman bernama Freidrich von Wieser, sekarang biaya peluang dilihat sebagai dasar dari teori nilai marjinal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya peluang merupakan salah satu cara untuk melakukan perhitungan dari sesuatu biaya. Bukan saja untuk mengenali dan menambahkan biaya ke proyek, tetapi juga mengenali cara alternatif lainnya untuk menghabiskan suatu jumlah uang yang sama. Keuntungan yang akan hilang sebagai akibat dari alternatif terbaik lainnya; adalah merupakan biaya peluang dari pilihan pertama. Sebuah contoh umum adalah seorang petani yang memilih mengolah pertaniannya dibandingkan dengan menyewakannya ke tetangga. Maka, biaya peluangnya adalah keuntungan yang hilang dari menyewakan lahan tersebut. Dalam kasus ini, sang petani mungkin mengharapkan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih besar dari pekerjaan yang dilakukannya sendiri. Begitu juga dengan memasuki universitas dan mengabaikan upah yang akan diterima jika memilih menjadi pekerja, yang dibanding dengan biaya pendidikan, buku, dan barang lain yang diperlukan (sebagai biaya total dari kehadirannya di universitas). Contoh lainnya ialah biaya peluang dari melancong ke Bahamas, yang mungkin merupakan uang untuk pembayaran cicilan rumah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perlu diingat bahwa biaya peluang bukanlah jumlah dari alternatif yang ada, melainkan lebih kepada keuntungan dari suatu pilihan alternatif yang terbaik. Biaya peluang yang mungkin dari keputusan sebuah kota membangun rumah sakit di lahan kosong, merupakan kerugian dari lahan untuk gelanggang olahraga, atau ketidakmampuan untuk menggunakan lahan menjadi sebuah tempat parkir, atau uang yang bisa didapat dari menjual lahan tersebut, atau kerugian dari penggunaan-pengguaan lainnya yang beragam - tapi bukan merupakan agregat dari semuanya (ditotalkan). Biaya peluang yang sebenarnya, merupakan keuntungan yang akan hilang dalam jumlah terbesar di antara alternatif-alternatif yang telah disebutkan tadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Satu pertanyaan yang muncul dari ini ialah bagaimana menghitung keuntungan dari alternatif yang tidak sama. Kita harus menentukan sebuah nilai uang yang dihubungkan dengan tiap alternatif untuk memfasilitasi pembandingan dan penghitungan biaya peluang, yang hasilnya lebih-kurang akan menyulitkan untuk dihitung, tergantung dari benda yang akan kita bandingkan. Contohnya, untuk keputusan-keputusan yang melibatkan dampak lingkungan, nilai uangnya sangat sulit untuk dihitung karena ketidakpastian ilmiah. Menilai kehidupan seorang manusia atau dampak ekonomi dari tumpahnya minyak di Alaska, akan melibatkan banyak pilihan subyektif dengan implikasi etisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Akibat terbatasnya sumber daya yang dimiliki, dalam mengambil suatu tindakan alternatif seseorang akan mengorbankan apapun untuk memperoleh atau memproduksi jasa tertentu. Pengorbanan inilah dalam ilmu ekonomi disebut sebagai biaya peluang ( <i>opportunity cost</i>). Biaya peluang dapat ditemukan dalam setiap kondisi dimana harus diambil keputusan akibat adanya kelangkaan untuk memperoleh kepuasan atau hasil maksimal. Perhatikan contoh berikut!.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seorang lulusan SMK mendaftarkan diri ke Universitas Indonesia dan diterima setelah melalui beberapa tes, disaat bersamaan dia diterima bekerja di perusahaan tekstil dengan gaji Rp 1.500.000,00 per bulan. Apabila ia memutuskan untuk kuliah dan bukan bekerja, maka biaya peluangnya adalah Rp 1.500.000,00 per bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari contoh di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa biaya peluang (<i>opportunity cost</i>) adalah biaya kesempatan yang hilang akibat keterbatasan sumber daya.Oleh karena manusia ingin memperoleh kepuasan atau hasil maksimal maka sumber daya ekonomi yang dimiliki harus diberdayakan secara optimal. Biaya peluang tidak hanya terjadi pada individu, tetapi dalam ruang lingkup yang lebih luas dapat terjadi pada rumah tangga produsen maupun rumah tangga pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di dalam rumah tangga produsen yang menghasilkan lebih dari satu komoditas sering dihadapkan pada kemungkinan kombinasi sumber daya untuk menghasilkan output yang maksimal. Sebuah kurva yang menggambarkan berbagai kemungkinan kombinasi maksimum out put (barang dan jasa) yang dapat dihasilkan pada suatu waktu ketika sumber daya dan teknologi digunakan sepenuhnya disebut dengan Kurva Kemungkinan Produksi (<i>Production Posibility Curve</i>). Bentuk kurva berikut menggambarkan keterkaitan biaya peluang dengan kemungkinan produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3KjHRIjdxKQ/TtCUbHI4zFI/AAAAAAAAAMw/7h6Dn19Q3B0/s1600/produksi+posibbilty+frontier-ppc.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3KjHRIjdxKQ/TtCUbHI4zFI/AAAAAAAAAMw/7h6Dn19Q3B0/s1600/produksi+posibbilty+frontier-ppc.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Biaya peluang dengan kemungkinan produks</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://behindus.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi1.jpg?w=300&h=289"
style='width:171.75pt;height:165.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="kurva-kemungkinan-produksi1"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjelasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurva P menunjukkan batas kemungkinan produksi. Ketika batas kemungkinan produksi berada di titik E, maka produksi obat dapat ditingkatkan dari 7.000 menjadi 12.000 botol dengan menurunkan produksi beras. Pergerakan alternatif produksi di titik E (30.000 ton beras dan 7.000 botol obat) ke titik F (8.000 ton beras dan 12.000 botol obat) menggunakan biaya oportunitas (untuk menambah produksi 5.000 botol obat) sebesar 22.000 ton beras. Titik yang terletak di kurva PPC (titik D, E, dan F) merupakan kemungkinan kombinasi produksi yang dianggap efisien, sedangkan bila terletak di dalam kurva (titik A, B dan C) dianggap tidak efisien karena tidak menggunakan sumber daya sepenuhnya. Apabila di luar kurva (titik E’) maka tidak mungkin tercapai dan hanya akan tercapai seiring dengan bertambahnya sumber daya atau meningkatnya teknologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Teori Produksi dengan Satu Faktor Berubah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fungsi produksi jangka pendek apabila ada 2 macam input yang dipakai yaitu input tetap & input variabel<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Fungsi Produksi Jangka Pendek</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">a.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">- Produksi Rata-rata (average product)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Produksi yg secara rata-rata dihasilkan oleh setiap pekerja AP= TP/L</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">b.- </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Produksi marginal (marginal product)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Tambahan produksi yang diakibatkan oleh pertambahan satu tenaga kerja yang digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">MP = ∆TP / ∆L</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fungsi produksi jangka panjang apabila semua input adalah variabel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Law of Diminishing Marginal Return. yaitu hukum tambahan yang semakin berkurang yang menjelaskan sifat pokok dari hubungan di antara tingkat produksi dan tenaga kerja yang digunakan untuk mewujudkan produksi tersebut. Hukum hasil lebih yang semakin berkurang menyatakan bahwa, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 1in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“apabila satu macam faktor produksi ( konstan , misalnya tanah ) ditambah kan dengan satu faktor produksi yang lain ( variable ; berubah-ubah, misalnya tenaga kerja secara terus menerus maka ditambah sebanyak satu unit, pada mulanya produksi total akan semakin banyak pertambahannya, tetapi sesudah mencapai suatu tingkat tertentu produksi tambahan akan semakin berkurang dan akhirnya mencapai nilai negatif”. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Seperti diunkapkan pada table berikut : perhatikanlah tabel berikut ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tabel Teori Produksi dengan Satu Faktor Berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P0t51zjkySY/TtCUz_CwZzI/AAAAAAAAAM4/lHlULxcOn2U/s1600/Tabel+The+low+of+diminishing+marginal+return.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P0t51zjkySY/TtCUz_CwZzI/AAAAAAAAAM4/lHlULxcOn2U/s400/Tabel+The+low+of+diminishing+marginal+return.png" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_193" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
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o:title="Clip_5"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada hakikatnya hukum hasil yang semakin berkurang menyatakan bahwa hubungan di antara tingkat produksi dan jumlah tenaga kerja yang digunakan dapat dibedakan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu: -Tahap I; produksi total mengalami pertambahan yang semakin cepat. -Tahap II; produksi total pertambahannya semakin lambat. -Tahap III; produksi total semakin lama semakin berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RLTCywuuz1I/TtCVKvsuyBI/AAAAAAAAANA/UKT_vMza0mA/s1600/Kurva+The+low+of+diminishing+marginal+return.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RLTCywuuz1I/TtCVKvsuyBI/AAAAAAAAANA/UKT_vMza0mA/s400/Kurva+The+low+of+diminishing+marginal+return.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dari tabel dan kurva tersebut, dapat ditulis rumus matematis sebagai <o:p></o:p></span></div><h3><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Produksi Total, Produksi Rata-rata dan Produksi Marginal<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Produksi Marginal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpLast" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Sorts"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: "Monotype Sorts";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> tambahan produksi yang diakibatkan oleh pertambahan satu tenaga kerja yang digunakan.<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MP : produksi marginal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TP : pertambahan produksi total<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L : pertambahan tenaga kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpFirst" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Produksi Rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-i7E-g_ptIhg/TtCXLBEAF-I/AAAAAAAAANQ/puFvhT2lJkw/s1600/Rumus+AP.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-i7E-g_ptIhg/TtCXLBEAF-I/AAAAAAAAANQ/puFvhT2lJkw/s1600/Rumus+AP.png" /></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitleCxSpLast" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Sorts"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: "Monotype Sorts";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> produksi yang secara rata-rata dihasilkan oleh setiap pekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">AP : produksi rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TP : produksi total<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L : tenaga kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dimana: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TP : total production (produksi total) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MP : marginal production (produksi marjinal) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">AP : average production (produksi rata-rata) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">L : labour (tenaga kerja) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum yang menyatakan berkurangnya tambahan output dari penambahan satu unit input variabel, pada saat output telah mencapai maksimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asumsi yang berlaku:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Hanya ada satu unit input variabel, input yang lain tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Teknologi yang digunakan dalam proses produksi tidak berubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Sifat koefisien produksi adalah berubah-ubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-27354597603767536242011-11-25T22:23:00.000-08:002011-11-25T22:23:55.502-08:00Teori Produksi ( 2 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (2)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sOFZQMNJYlY/TtCCthgYWmI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/mLYuATy0wWc/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sOFZQMNJYlY/TtCCthgYWmI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/mLYuATy0wWc/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor-Faktor Produksi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor-faktor produksi adalah sesuatu (dapat berupa barang, alat-alat, atau manusia) yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan barang dan jasa atau menambah nilai guna suatu barang dan jasa (kegiatan produksi). Faktorfaktor produksi dibedakan menjadi empat macam yaitu faktor produksi alam, tenaga kerja, modal, dan kewirausahaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Faktor Produksi Alam <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor produksi alam adalah semua yang tersedia di alam dan dapat dipakai dalam proses produksi. Faktor produksi alam antara lain: tanah, air, udara, sinar matahari, flora dan fauna, serta <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">barang-barang tambang. Unsur-unsur alam tersebut dapat digunakan dalam proses produksi, misalnya tanah dapat dijadikan gudang atau tempat perkantoran, atau digunakan untuk membuat gerabah dan lahan pertanian. Sementara, air dapat digunakan minum, udara atau angin dapat dijadikan sebagai tenaga penggerak kincir angin, sinar matahari dapat dijadikan sumber energi, flora dan fauna dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber makanan, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Faktor Produksi Tenaga Kerja <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sumber-sumber alam tersebut dapat digunakan untuk proses produksi jika ada yang mengolahnya. Jadi, dibutuhkan tenaga kerja dalam kegiatan produksi. Tenaga kerja dibedakan menjadi tenaga kerja terdidik, terampil, dan kasar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1) Tenaga kerja terdidik adalah tenaga kerja yang membutuhkan pendidikan formal. Contoh: dokter, arsitek, guru, teknisi komputer, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2) Tenaga kerja terampil adalah tenaga kerja yang mempunyai pengalaman dan keahlian tertentu. Contoh: sopir, penjahit, montir, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3) Tenaga kerja kasar adalah tenaga kerja yang tidak memerlukan pendidikan atau pengalaman (pelatihan) secara khusus. Contoh: tukang kebun, tukang becak, tukang cuci, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Faktor Produksi Modal <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sumber-sumber alam tidak cukup hanya diolah dengan tenaga kerja saja, tetapi juga membutuhkan modal untuk mendukung kelancaran dalam proses produksi. Contohnya, perusahaan air mineral membutuhkan modal dalam bentuk uang dan peralatan untuk mengambil air dari pegunungan dan mengolahnya menjadi air minum kemasan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Faktor Produksi Kewirausahaan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sumber daya kewirausahaan dibutuhkan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">untuk mengorganisir pelbagai sumber daya yang ada agar efektif dan efisien, sehingga proses <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">produksi dapat berjalan dengan lancar dalam upaya menyediakan barang dan jasa untuk masyarakat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembuatan gerabah dapat memanfaatkan faktor produksi alam berupa tanah. Air merupakan faktor produksi alam, untuk mengolahnya menjadi air kemasan dibutuhkan faktor produksi kewirausahaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BENTUK ORGANISASI PERUSAHAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">• Perusahaan Perseorangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Modal, hasil produksi dan penjualannya tidak terlalu besar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Milik Pribadi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">• Firma<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Dimiliki beberapa orang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Modal cukup besar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Tanggung Jawab bersama dalam menjalankan perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">• Perseroan Terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Modal besar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Pemegang saham merupakan pemilik perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">• Perusahaan Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Pada umumnya berbentuk PT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Pemilik saham : Pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Pengurus perusahaan diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh Pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">• Koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Didirikan bukan untuk mencari keuntungan tapi untuk kesejahteraan anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Terdiri dari: koperasi konsumsi, koperasi produksi dan koperasi kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan Perusahaan adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> memaksimumkan laba/keuntungan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cara memaksimumkan keuntungan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- hasil total penjualan lebih banyak dari pada total ongkos produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Hasil penjualan marginal = biaya marginal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Perilaku Produsen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebuah usaha produksi baru bisa bekerja dengan baik bila dijalankan oleh produsen atau yang sering kita sebut pengusaha. Pengusaha adalah orang yang mencari peluang yang menguntungkan dan mengambil risiko seperlunya untuk merencanakan dan mengelola suatu bisnis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengusaha berbeda dengan pemilik bisnis kecil ataupun manajer. Bila hanya memiliki sebuah usaha dan hanya berusaha mencari keuntungan, maka orang itu barulah sebatas pemilik bisnis. Bila orang itu hanya mengatur karyawan dan menggunakan sumber daya perusahaan untuk usaha, maka orang itu disebut sebagai manajer. Pengusaha lebih dari keduanya. Pengusaha berusaha mendirikan perusahaan yang menguntungkan, mencari dan mengelola sumber daya untuk memulai suatu bisnis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Agar berhasil seorang pengusaha harus mampu melakukan 4 hal sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perencanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Perencanaan antara lain terkait dengan penyusunan strategi, rencana bisnis, serta visi perusahaan. Ia harus tau apa yang ingin ia capai dan bagaimana cara mencapai tujuan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengorganisasian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Semua sumber daya yang ada harus bisa ia kelola untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaannya, baik sumber daya, modal, maupun manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengarahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Agar rencana bisa terwujud, pengusaha wajib mengarahkan dan membimbing anak buahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengendalian. Kemampuan ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana hasil pelaksanaan kerja tersebut. Apakah sesuai dengan rencana atau justru sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Fungsi produksi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 13.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat 2 macam fungsi produksi:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 24pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi produksi jangka pendek</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> apabila ada 2 macam input yang dipakai yaitu input tetap & input variabel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Fungsi Produksi Jangka Pendek</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">a.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">- Produksi Rata-rata (average product)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Produksi yg secara rata-rata dihasilkan oleh setiap pekerja AP= TP/L</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">b.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">- Produksi marginal (marginal product)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Tambahan produksi yang diakibatkan oleh pertambahan satu tenaga kerja yang digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">MP = ∆TP / ∆L<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 24pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi produksi jangka panjang</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> apabila semua input adalah variabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hubungan teknik antara faktor produksi (input) dengan hasil produksi (output) disebut fungsi produksi. Faktor produksi merupakan hal yang mutlak dalam proses produksi karena tanpa faktor produksi, kegiatan produksi tidak dapat berjalan. Fungsi produksi menggambarkan teknologi yang dipakai oleh suatu perusahaan, industri, atau suatu perekonomian secara keseluruhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fungsi produksi adalah suatu skedul (tabel atau persamaan matematis) yang menggambarkan jumlah output maksimum yang dapat dihasilkan dari satu set faktor produksi tertentu dan pada tingkat teknologi tertentu pula. Singkatnya, fungsi produksi adalah katalog dari kemungkinan hasil produksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bila digambarkan dalam bentuk skema, terlihat seperti berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GHbvwVtfIYM/TtCFxhV-F-I/AAAAAAAAAMY/EuBHbIwh7ls/s1600/skema+sistem+produksi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="117" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GHbvwVtfIYM/TtCFxhV-F-I/AAAAAAAAAMY/EuBHbIwh7ls/s320/skema+sistem+produksi.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_151" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTBDKz-CuYYw2IQVZtQkOvEd0bmgUyB-Oc_nxMZ34E1Em49IQ70"
style='width:178.5pt;height:121.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"
o:title="ANd9GcTBDKz-CuYYw2IQVZtQkOvEd0bmgUyB-Oc_nxMZ34E1Em49IQ70"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Secara umum, fungsi produksi menunjukkan bahwa jumlah barang produksi tergantung pada jumlah faktor produksi yang digunakan. Jadi, faktor produksi merupakan variabel tidak bebas, sedangkan hasil produksi merupakan variabel bebas. Fungsi produksi dapat ditulis secara matematis berikut ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Q = f (R, L, C, T) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dimana: q = quantity (jumlah barang yang dihasilkan) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">f= function (simbol persamaan) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">L= labour (tenaga kerja) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">R= resources (kekayaan alam) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C= capital (modal) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">T= technology (teknologi) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dari persamaan fungsi produksi secara matematis, pada digunakan.dasarnya besar kecilnya tingkat produksi suatu barang tergantung pada jumlah modal, tenaga kerja, kekayaan alam, dan tingkat teknologi yang digunakan. Jumlah produksi yang berbeda-beda tentunya memerlukan faktor produksi yang berbeda-beda pula, tetapi ada juga jumlah produksi yang tidak sama dihasilkan oleh faktor produksi yang dianggap tetap. Faktor produksi tersebut adalah modal, mesin, peralatan, serta bangunan perusahaan. Sedangkan faktor produksi yang mengalami perubahan adalah tenaga kerja. Dengan membandingkan berbagai gabungan faktor-faktor produksi untuk menghasilkan sejumlah barang tertentu dapatlah ditentukan gabungan faktor produksi yang paling ekonomis untuk memproduksi sejumlah barang tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-1395978338907341322011-11-25T22:05:00.000-08:002011-11-25T22:05:10.326-08:00Teori Produksi ( 1 )<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Teori Produksi (1)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yTO5saAMSeQ/TtCAqi8ee-I/AAAAAAAAAL4/j2UPTftcgk4/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yTO5saAMSeQ/TtCAqi8ee-I/AAAAAAAAAL4/j2UPTftcgk4/s1600/Teori+produksi.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Produksi adalah usaha menciptakan dan meningkatkan kegunaan atau nilai guna ( utility ) suatu barang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pada konsumen. Dan orang yang menghasilkan barang atau jasa untuk dijual dan dipasarkan disebut produsen. Untuk dapat melakukan kegiatan produksi, seorang produsen membutuhkan faktor – faktor produksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Nilai Barang <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Produksi adalah usaha menciptakan dan meningkatkan kegunaan atau nilai guna ( utility ), nilai atau manfaat barang dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu nilai pakai dan nilai tukar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Nilai Pakai <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai pakai adalah nilai kegunaan barang untuk dipakai memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Nilai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pakai ini dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu nilai pakai subjektif dan nilai pakai objektif. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Nilai Pakai Subjektif <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai pakai subjektif adalah kemampuan barang untuk dipakai memenuhi kebutuhan hidup <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bagi setiap individu secara pribadi (untuk diri sendiri). Contohnya, sebuah alat pertukangan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">seperti palu bagi seorang tukang kayu adalah barang yang sangat berguna dan mempunyai nilai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pakai yang tinggi bagi pekerjaannya.Lain halnya bila digunakan seorang bapak untuk memaku <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jendela kamar yang rusak, disini palu mempunyai nilai pakai hanya pada saat tertentu saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Nilai Pakai Objektif <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai pakai objektif adalah kemampuan barang secara umum untuk dipakai memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Contohnya, baju akan mempunyai nilai pakai yang sama bagi semua orang yaitu dipakai untuk melindungi tubuh. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai barang atau jasa adalah kegunaan barang atau jasa dalam memuaskan kebutuhan konsumen. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tinggi rendahnya nilai suatu barang dan jasa berpengaruh pada tingkat harga. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Nilai Tukar <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai tukar adalah kemampuan barang untuk ditukar dengan barang lain, baik ditukar dengan uang atau barang lain. Nilai tukar ini dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu nilai tukar subjektif dan nilai tukar objektif. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Nilai Tukar Subjektif <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemampuan barang untuk ditukar dengan barang lain dan bersifat individualis, artinya bahwa antara orang yang satu dengan yang lain berbeda, tergantung sudut pandang dan kondisi orang yang memiliki barang tersebut (pemiliknya). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Nilai Tukar Objektif <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemampuan suatu barang untuk ditukar dengan barang lain yang berlaku secara umum. Secara skematis, nilai barang dapat digambarkan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IWyKAZya_UQ/TtCA5qmsRrI/AAAAAAAAAMA/iK3Wxf1-kpo/s1600/skema+nilai+barang+images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IWyKAZya_UQ/TtCA5qmsRrI/AAAAAAAAAMA/iK3Wxf1-kpo/s1600/skema+nilai+barang+images.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Skema Pembagian Nilai Barang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Teori Nilai Tukar Objektif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai tukar objektif menurut beberapa pandangan teori nilai dinyatakan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a. Teori Nilai Biaya (Adam Smith)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teori ini menekankan besarnya nilai suatu benda ditentukan oleh jumlah seluruh biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk memproduksi barang/jasa tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">b. Teori Nilai Biaya Produksi Tenaga Kerja (David Ricardo)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teori ini lebih menekankan bahwa besarnya nilai suatu barang sangat ditentukan oleh besarnya upah tenaga kerja untuk memproduksi barang tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c. Teori Nilai Tenaga Kerja Masyarakat (Karl Marx)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurut teori ini nilai suatu barang ditentukan oleh besarnya biaya rata-rata upah tenaga kerja masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">d. Teori Nilai Biaya Reproduksi (Carey)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurut teori ini nilai suatu barang berdasarkan biaya yang dikeluarkan bila barang tersebut diproduksi kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">e. Teori Nilai Pasar (Humme dan Lock)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan teori ini besar kecilnya nilai suatu barang sangat dipengaruhi oleh terbentuknya harga pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pI9TgML55gM/TtCBIXra8dI/AAAAAAAAAMI/MyL2gbCyPwA/s1600/Skema+pembagian+nilai+eko102_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pI9TgML55gM/TtCBIXra8dI/AAAAAAAAAMI/MyL2gbCyPwA/s320/Skema+pembagian+nilai+eko102_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Teori Nilai Guna (Utility)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurut teori nilai guna, setiap barang mempunyai nilai guna atau memberikan kepuasan kepada konsumen yang menggunakan barang. Jadi, jika seorang konsumen meminta sesuatu jenis barang, pada dasarnya yang diminta adalah nilai guna (utilitas) barang tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai guna (utilitas) adalah kepuasan dan kenikmatan yang diperoleh seseorang dalam mengonsumsi barang dan jasa. Kepuasan yang semakin tinggi akan menambah tinggi pula nilai guna atau utility dari barang tersebut. Dengan demikian produsen untuk kepuasan konsumen, produsen memproduksi nilai guna atau menambah, mengubah, menciptakan nilai guna benda. Teori nilai guna dapat digolongkan manjadi dua macam, yaitu nilai guna total (total <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">utility) dan nilai guna marjinal (marginal utility). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Guna dan Nilai Barang/Jasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kegunaan memiliki beberapa macam kegunaan yang meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a. Kegunaan unsur ( element utility), artinya suatu benda memiliki kegunaan dilihat dari unsur benda tersebut. Contoh: terigu yang dipergunakan untuk membuat kue.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">b. Kegunaan tempat ( place utility), artinya benda itu memiliki kegunaan setelah dipindahkan tempatnya. Contoh: Pasir yang dipindahkan dari sungai ke toko bangunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c. Kegunaan waktu ( time utility), artinya benda itu memiliki kegunaan apabila dipakai sesuai waktunya. Contoh: Payung digunakan pada saat hujan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">d. Kegunaan bentuk ( form utility), artinya benda itu memiliki kegunaan setelah dirubah bentuknya. Contoh: Kayu gelondongan dirubah menjadi meja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">e. Kegunaan kepemilikan ( ownership utility), artinya benda itu berguna jika telah dimiliki. Contoh: Mesin jahit yang dibeli dari toko mesin jahit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">f. Kegunaan pelayanan ( service utility), artinya pelayanan atau service itu berguna jika diberikan.Contoh: Dokter mengobati pasiennya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Teori Produksi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pengertian Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengertian produksi dapat diartikan sebagai usaha untuk menciptakan atau menambah fedah ekonomi suatu benda dengan tujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. Sedangkan orang, badan usaha, atau organisasi yang menghasilkan barang dan jasa disebut produsen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Produksi mencakup setiap usaha manusia dalam menghasilkan barang dan jasa baik secara langsung atau tidak langsung berguna untuk memenuhi suatu kebutuhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Produksi adalah segala kegiatan untuk menciptakan atau menambah guna suatu benda untuk memenuhi kebutuhan. Contohnya, kayu. Kayu akan lebih terasa manfaatnya atau nilai gunanya akan bertambah apabila sudah menjadi kursi, meja, almari, dan sebagainya. Untuk mengubah kayu menjadi sebuah kursi, meja, atau almari diperlukan faktor-faktor produksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tujuan dari Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan dari produksi adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia dalam usaha mencapai kemakmuran. Kemakmuran akan tercapai bila konsumen memiliki daya beli yang cukup tinggi dan barang/jasa yang diperlukan tersedia cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Faktor Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terdapat dua macam faktor produksi yaitu faktor produksi asli dan faktor produksi turunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Faktor Produksi Asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang termasuk faktor produksi asli antara lain sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alam. Contohnya : tanah, air, udara, sinar matahari, tumbuh – tumbuhan, hewan, barang tambang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tenaga kerja. Tanpa adanya tenaga kerja, sumber daya alam yang tersedia tidak akan dapat dirubah atau diolah menjadi barang hasil produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Faktor produksi turunan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang termasuk faktor produksi turunan adalah modal dan keahlian, keahlian bisa juga diartikan sebagai skill, entreuprener, kewirausahaan atau enterprise.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dhani2009.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/produsen-dan-fungsi-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://rinton.blogdetik.com/kurva-kemungkinan-produksi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://behindus.wordpress.com/category/ekonomi/page/2/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://devieafriani.blogspot.com/2010/03/tugas-bab-4-fungsi-produksi.html<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://wiswi.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/ekonomi-mikro/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquant<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocost<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-60214289959945077152011-11-25T20:56:00.000-08:002011-11-25T20:56:12.556-08:00Apakah laba mengukur kinerja perusahaan ?<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apakah Laba Mengukur Kinerja Perusahaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Laba Mengukur Kinerja Perusahaan Perusahaan yang Go publik. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perusahaan yang go publik, adalah perusahaan yang sudah diaudit oleh akuntan publik dan dinyatakan sebagai perusahaan yang sehat. Kinerja perusahaan berjalan dengan baik, yang berdampak baik pada masa depan perusahaan, dalam hal ini keberlangsung perusahaan dan perolehan laba. Laba merupakan akibat dari kinerja yang baik. Keberlangsungan atau prospek perusahaan dan laba akan mempengaruhi harga dari perusahaan tersebut pasar saham, sehingga terjadi efisinsi. Prospek perusahaan bagus dan dan perolehan laba perusahaan yang cenderung meningkat akan meningkatkan harga saham, maka dalam hal ini <i>laba dapat dikatakan sebagai salah satu alat pengukur kinerja perusahaan. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <b>Laba Mengukur Kinerja Perusahaan Pada Perusahaan Dengan Struktur Pasar Oligipoli.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OHCfbs67JKM/TtBumwcNDhI/AAAAAAAAALQ/LfU7nZBEvKE/s1600/oligopoli+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OHCfbs67JKM/TtBumwcNDhI/AAAAAAAAALQ/LfU7nZBEvKE/s1600/oligopoli+3.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
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style='width:185.25pt;height:162.75pt;visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="oligopoli 3"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Oligopoli tanpa kesepakatan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q9VYC5kCcq4/TtBu6Z_XTMI/AAAAAAAAALY/LzT_RQk9M6A/s1600/oligopoli+patah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q9VYC5kCcq4/TtBu6Z_XTMI/AAAAAAAAALY/LzT_RQk9M6A/s1600/oligopoli+patah.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:236.25pt;
height:164.25pt;visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="oligopoli patah"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Laba pada oligopoly tanpa kesepakatan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persaingan pada pasar oligopoli sangat ketat, hal ini terutama dikarenakan sudah terjadi persaingan harga, selain sudah barang tentu persaingan dalam kualitas barang promosi barang dan lain sebagainya. Persaingan harga barang diantara pesaing didalam pasar oligopoly sangat berat, hal ini yang menyebabkan terjadinya efesinsi penggunaan sumberdaya dan kinerja perusahaan dengan tujuan menyingkirkan pesaing dan pada akhirnya memaksimalkan laba. Dalam hai ini dapat diambil suatu kesimpulan bahwa <i>laba merupakan alat ukur kinerja perusahaan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. <b>Laba Tidak Mengukur Kinerja Perusahaan Pada Perusahaan Dengan Struktur monopoli, pasar persaingan sempurna,oligopoly dengan kesepakatan ( kartel)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1 Monopoli.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vpXZ9aUxEi0/TtBvN_OYCfI/AAAAAAAAALg/pepRU1wvJCo/s1600/Monopoly_Profit_Maximization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vpXZ9aUxEi0/TtBvN_OYCfI/AAAAAAAAALg/pepRU1wvJCo/s1600/Monopoly_Profit_Maximization.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:228pt;height:176.25pt;
visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title="Monopoly_Profit_Maximization"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Laba pada monopoli</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perusahaan pada pasar monopoli merupakan price maker sedangkan pembeli merupakan price taker, hal ini terjadi karena perusahaan tidak mempunyai saingan sehingga dapat menetapkan harga semau perusahaan. Disisi lain pembeli dipaksa untuk membeli produk dengan harga yang sudah ditetapkan produsen hal ini dapat terjadi karena tidak ada alternatif pilihan produk. Kondisi seperti ini menyebabkan perusahaan tidak efisien, sebab tidak efisienpun produk dari peruahaan sudah pasti dibeli kosumen dan sudah barang tentu perusahaan akan selalu mendapatkan laba. Dalam hai ini dapatlah diambil suatu kesimpulan bahwa<i> laba tidak dapat mengukur kinerja perusahaan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2 Pasar Persaingan Sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-99j-fEmL7kk/TtBvlNmyixI/AAAAAAAAALo/WlaDAx7Z_gY/s1600/lpasar+persaingan+sempurna+laba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-99j-fEmL7kk/TtBvlNmyixI/AAAAAAAAALo/WlaDAx7Z_gY/s1600/lpasar+persaingan+sempurna+laba.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:225pt;
height:170.25pt;visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg"
o:title="lpasar persaingan sempurna laba"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Laba pada persaingan sempurna</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada pasar persaingan sempurna, produk yang ditawarkan pada konsumen sifatnya homogen. Pengetahuan produsen atas barang dan pasar sama baiknya dengan pengetahuan konsumen atas barang dan pasar. Semua perusahaan merupakan price taker, semua pembeli juga price taker. Harga ditentukan oleh agregat permintaan dan agregat penawaran. Dengan demikian harga barang akan cenderung sama bagi semua produsen. Bagi konsumen, konsumen tidak dapat membedakan satu produk buatan produsen “ini” dan produk buatan produsen “itu”, karena produk homogen tidak lagi dapat dibedakan oleh merk, corak, tipe atau semacamnya. Hal ini disebabkan juga karena pengetahuan konsumen atas barang sama baiknya dengan pengetahuan produsen. Dalam hai ini dapat lah dikatakan bahwa <i>laba tidak lagi menjadi alat ukur kinerja perusahaan.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3 Oligopoly Dengan Kesepakatan (Kartel ).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-suSTq0e_4nw/TtBv6UDEqLI/AAAAAAAAALw/LaNf8L5qdSQ/s1600/oligopoly+quota+laba.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-suSTq0e_4nw/TtBv6UDEqLI/AAAAAAAAALw/LaNf8L5qdSQ/s320/oligopoly+quota+laba.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:307.5pt;height:178.5pt;
visibility:visible'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AGUSSU~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title="oligopoly quota laba"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Oligipoli dengan kesepakatan ( Kartel )</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
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</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vpXZ9aUxEi0/TtBvN_OYCfI/AAAAAAAAALg/pepRU1wvJCo/s1600/Monopoly_Profit_Maximization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vpXZ9aUxEi0/TtBvN_OYCfI/AAAAAAAAALg/pepRU1wvJCo/s1600/Monopoly_Profit_Maximization.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
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o:title="Monopoly_Profit_Maximization"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Laba oligopoly – kartel sama dengan monopoli</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -13.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Oligopoli bisa juga disebut dengan competition among the few, dimana perusahaan yang ada pada struktur pasar ini sedikit, tetapi merupakan perusahaan besar-besar, hal ini karena untuk masuk keindustri dalam pasar oligopoli dan bertahan bertahan didalam industry tersebut perusahaan mengalami hambatan yang besar. Jika perusahaan – perusahaan yang ada didalam pasar membentuk kesepakatan berdasarkan kuota dan bersama – sama membetuk suatu kartel, maka kartel ini menjelma menjadi monolpoli. Ketika pasar sudah menjelma menjadi pasar monopoli maka perusahaan tidak akan efisien, karena perusahaan selalu akan mendapatkan untung, dengan demikian <i>laba tidak lagi merupakan alat ukur kinerja perusahaan.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><i><br />
</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana pendapat anda ?</span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-39471057881065220002011-11-08T21:11:00.000-08:002011-11-08T21:14:53.188-08:00Ilmu Ekonomi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ilmu Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ISw5BV8EaZw/TroEvs8LDvI/AAAAAAAAAKU/a_GwVDF7ZZQ/s1600/p+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="51" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ISw5BV8EaZw/TroEvs8LDvI/AAAAAAAAAKU/a_GwVDF7ZZQ/s640/p+-+Copy.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pengertian Ilmu Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ilmu ekonomi</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">adalah ilmu yang mempelajari perilaku manusia dalam memilih dan menciptakan kemakmuran. Inti masalah ekonomi adalah adanya ketidakseimbangan antara kebutuhan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>manusia<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang tidak terbatas dengan alat pemuas kebutuhan yang jumlahnya terbatas. Permasalahan tersebut kemudian menyebabkan timbulnya kelangkaan (Ingg:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>scarcity</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="IN">Kata "ekonomi" sendiri berasal dari kata Yunani <b>ο</b></span><b><span lang="IN">ἶ</span></b><b><span lang="IN">κος (<i>oikos</i>)</span></b><span lang="IN"> yang berarti "keluarga, rumah tangga" dan <b>νόμος (<i>nomos</i>),</b> atau "peraturan, aturan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hukum," dan secara garis besar diartikan sebagai "aturan rumah tangga" atau "manajemen rumah tangga." Sementara yang dimaksud dengan ahli ekonomi atau ekonom adalah orang menggunakan konsep ekonomi dan data dalam bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-02O9GDwcrX8/TroI3d0o1nI/AAAAAAAAAK8/VlU858WelDI/s1600/Ekonommi+john_maynard_keynes_+ilmuwa+ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-02O9GDwcrX8/TroI3d0o1nI/AAAAAAAAAK8/VlU858WelDI/s200/Ekonommi+john_maynard_keynes_+ilmuwa+ekonomi.jpg" width="156" /></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Secara umum, subyek dalam ekonomi dapat dibagi dengan beberapa cara, yang paling terkenal adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mikroekonomi</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>vs<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>makroekonomi</i>. Selain itu, subyek ekonomi juga bisa dibagi menjadi positif (deskriptif) vs normatif,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mainstream</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>vs<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>heterodox</i>, dan lainnya. Ekonomi juga difungsikan sebagai ilmu terapan dalam manajemen keluarga, bisnis, dan pemerintah. Teori ekonomi juga dapat digunakan dalam bidang-bidang selain bidang moneter, seperti misalnya penelitian perilaku kriminal, penelitian ilmiah, kematian,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>politik, kesehatan,pendidikan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>keluarga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan lainnya. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena pada dasarnya ekonomi — seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas — adalah ilmu yang mempelajari pilihan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>manusia. Banyak teori yang dipelajari dalam ilmu ekonomi diantaranya adalah teori<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pasar bebas,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>teori lingkaran ekonomi,invisble hand,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>informatic economy,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>daya tahan ekonomi,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merkantilisme,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>briton woods, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ada sebuah peningkatan trend untuk mengaplikasikan ide dan metode ekonomi dalam konteks yang lebih luas. Fokus analisa ekonomi adalah "pembuatan keputusan" dalam berbagai bidang dimana orang dihadapi pada pilihan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pilihan.Misalnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">bidang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pendidikan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pernikahan,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kesehatan,hukum,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kriminal,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>peran, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>agama.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Gary Becker<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>University of Chicago<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah seorang perintis trend ini. Dalam artikel-artikelnya ia menerangkan bahwa ekonomi seharusnya tidak ditegaskan melalui pokok persoalannya, tetapi sebaiknya ditegaskan sebagai pendekatan untuk menerangkan perilaku manusia. Pendapatnya ini kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai ekonomi imperialis oleh beberapa kritikus.</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Banyak ahli ekonomi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mainstream</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merasa bahwa kombinasi antara teori dengan data yang ada sudah cukup untuk membuat kita mengerti fenomena yang ada di dunia. Ilmu ekonomi akan mengalami perubahan besar dalam ide, konsep, dan metodenya; walaupun menurut pendapat kritikus, kadang-kadang perubahan tersebut malah merusak konsep yang benar sehingga tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan yang ada. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan "apa seharusnya dilakukan para ahli ekonomi?" The traditional Chicago School, with its emphasis on economics being an empirical science aimed at explaining real-world phenomena, has insisted on the powerfulness of price theory as the tool of analysis. On the other hand, some economic theorists have formed the view that a consistent economic theory may be useful even if at present no real world economy bears out its prediction.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zQH8nJ00PRM/TroJk4y8dHI/AAAAAAAAALE/P3A-5HDdlcU/s1600/Ekonomi+David_ricardo+ilmuwan+Ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zQH8nJ00PRM/TroJk4y8dHI/AAAAAAAAALE/P3A-5HDdlcU/s1600/Ekonomi+David_ricardo+ilmuwan+Ekonomi.jpg" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="text-align: left;"></b></span><br />
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Ilmu ekonomi</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b> </b>merupakan cabang ilmu sosial yang mempelajari berbagai perilaku pelaku ekonomi terhadap keputusan-keputusan ekonomi yang dibuat. Ilmu ini diperlukan sebagai kerangka berpikir untuk dapat melakukan pilihan terhadap berbagai sumber daya yang terbatas untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia yang tidak terbatas.</span></span></b></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b>Lingkup Ilmu Ekonomi</b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><b><br clear="all" /></b></span> <span class="fullpost">a. Microeconomics adalah bagian dari ilmu ekonomi yang membahas perilaku individu dalam membuat keputusan penggunaan berbagai unit ekonomi. Di sini ada perusahaan dan rumah tangga.</span><br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">b. Macroeconomics adalah bagian dari ilmu ekonomi yang menjelaskan perilaku ekonomi secara keseluruhan (economic aggregates)— akan terkait dengan income, output, employment, dan lain-lain—dalam kerangka atau skala nasional.</span><br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> </span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pembagian Ilmu Ekonomi <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ukc8tVROj4s/TroG9npur1I/AAAAAAAAAKs/kKwjAblWFK4/s1600/teoriekonomijild1-2_9952.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(Alferd W. Stonier dan Douglas C. Hague)</span></b></a> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" /></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TwVETpIRWaY/TroHvratYQI/AAAAAAAAAK0/zrrTiPjDVPc/s1600/teoriekonomijild1-2_9952.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TwVETpIRWaY/TroHvratYQI/AAAAAAAAAK0/zrrTiPjDVPc/s1600/teoriekonomijild1-2_9952.jpg" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fullpost">1. Descriptive Economics (ilmu ekonomi deskriptif).</span><span class="fullpost">Di sini dikumpulkan semua kenyataan yang penting tentang pokok pembicaraan (topik) yang</span><span class="fullpost"> </span><span class="fullpost">tertentu, artinya mendiskripsikan data-data yang menjelaskan berbagai fenomena dan kenyataan yang terjadi.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="fullpost">misalnya: sistem pertanian di Bali, atau industri katun di India.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="fullpost" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fullpost">2. Economic Theory (ilmu ekonomi teori atau teori ekonomi atau analisis ekonomi).</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fullpost">Di sini kita memberikan penjelasan yang disederhanakan tentang caranya suatu sistem ekonomi bekerja dan ciri-ciri yang penting dari sistem seperti itu. Teori ekonomi dibangun dengan landasan pengamatan sebab akibat berdasarkan aksi dan reaksi yang terjadi dalam kehidupan ekonomi masyarakat.</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fullpost">3. Applied Economics (ilmu ekonomi terapan).</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fullpost">Di sini kita mencoba mempergunakan rangka dasar umum dan analisis yang diberikan</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fullpost">oleh ekonomi teori untuk menerangkan sebab-sebab dan arti pentingnya kejadian-kejadian yang dilaporkan oleh para ahli ekonomi deskriptif.</span></span><br />
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</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Metode Ekonomi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">a. Positive economics</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">Ekonomi positif adalah pendekatan ekonomi yang mempelajari berbagai pelaku dan proses bekerjanya aktivitas ekonomi, tanpa menggunakan suatu pandangan subjektif untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu itu baik atau jelek dari sudut pandang ekonomi.</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">Ekonomi positif di bagi menjadi dua, yaitu ekonomi deskriptif dan ekonomi teori.</span><br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">b. Normative economics</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">Oleh beberapa ahli dari hal ini membangun yang disebut dengan politik ekonomi (political economics), salah satu cabangnya ekonomi kelembagaan. Ekonomi normatif adalah pendekatan ekonomi dalam mempelajari perilaku ekonomi yang terjadi, dengan mencoba memberikan penilaian baik atau buruk berdasarkan pertimbangan subjektif.</span><br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">Adapun tiga masalah pokok dalam perekonomian, yaitu :</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">1. Jenis barang dan jasa apa yang akan diproduksi?</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">2. Bagaimana menghasilkan barang dan jasa tersebut?</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">3. Untuk siapa barang dan jasa tersebut dihasilkan?</span><br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">Memecahkan Masalah Ekonomi :</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">1. Barang apa yang akan diproduksi (What): Ditentukan oleh hak memilih dalam nilai Rupiah yang dimiliki konsumen.</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">2. Bagaimana barang diproduksi (How): Ditentukan oleh persaingan diantara produsen.</span><br clear="all" /> <span class="fullpost">3. Bagi siapa barang dibuat (For Whom): Ditentukan oleh pola permintaan dan penawaran di pasar atas faktor produksi.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sejarah perkembangan ilmu ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XE5goEWFaY4/TroFmF3QFrI/AAAAAAAAAKk/R3Dg3l92VIw/s1600/Ekonomi+Adam+Smith+Ilmuwan+Ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XE5goEWFaY4/TroFmF3QFrI/AAAAAAAAAKk/R3Dg3l92VIw/s200/Ekonomi+Adam+Smith+Ilmuwan+Ekonomi.jpg" width="136" /></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adam Smith<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sering disebut sebagai yang pertama mengembangkan ilmu ekonomi pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>abad 18<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sebagai satu cabang tersendiri dalam ilmu pengetahuan. Melalui karya besarnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, Smith mencoba mencari tahu sejarah perkembangan negara-negara di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Eropa. Sebagai seorang ekonom, Smith tidak melupakan akar moralitasnya terutama yang tertuang dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The Theory of Moral Sentiments</i>. Perkembangan sejarah pemikiran ekonomi kemudian berlanjut dengan menghasilkan tokoh-tokoh seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Alfred Marshall,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>J.M. Keynes,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Karl Marx, hingga peraih<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hadiah Nobel<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bidang Ekonomi tahun 2006,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Edmund Phelps.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Secara garis besar, perkembangan aliran pemikiran dalam ilmu ekonomi diawali oleh apa yang disebut sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>aliran klasik</i>. Aliran yang terutama dipelopori oleh Adam Smith ini menekankan adanya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>invisible hand</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam mengatur pembagian sumber daya, dan oleh karenanya peran<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pemerintah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menjadi sangat dibatasi karena akan mengganggu proses ini. Konsep<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>invisble hand</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ini kemudian direpresentasikan sebagai mekanisme pasar melalui harga sebagai instrumen utamanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aliran klasik mengalami kegagalannya setelah terjadi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Depresi Besar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>1930-an yang menunjukkan bahwa pasar tidak mampu bereaksi terhadap gejolak di pasar saham. Sebagai penanding aliran klasik,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Keynes<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>mengajukan teori dalam bukunya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang menyatakan bahwa pasar tidak selalu mampu menciptakan keseimbangan, dan karena itu intervensi pemerintah harus dilakukan agar distribusi sumber daya mencapai sasarannya. Dua aliran ini kemudian saling "bertarung" dalam dunia ilmu ekonomi dan menghasilkan banyak varian dari keduanya seperti:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>new classical</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>neo klasik</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>new keynesian</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>monetarist</i>, dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Namun perkembangan dalam pemikiran ini juga berkembang ke arah lain, seperti teori pertentangan kelas dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Karl Marx<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Friedrich Engels, serta aliran<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>institusional<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang pertama dikembangkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Thorstein Veblen<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dkk dan kemudian oleh peraih nobel<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Douglass C. North.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Metodologi</span></b></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sering disebut sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The queen of social sciences</i>, ilmu ekonomi telah mengembangkan serangkaian metode kuantitatif untuk menganalisis fenomena ekonomi.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Jan Tinbergen<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pada masa setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Perang Dunia II<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan salah satu pelopor utama ilmu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ekonometri, yang mengkombinasikan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>matematika,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>statistik, dan teori ekonomi. Kubu lain dari metode kuantitatif dalam ilmu ekonomi adalah modelGeneral equilibrium<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(keseimbangan umum), yang menggunakan konsep aliran uang dalam masyarakat, dari satu agen ekonomi ke agen yang lain. Dua metode kuantitatif ini kemudian berkembang pesat hingga hampir semua makalah ekonomi sekarang menggunakan salah satu dari keduanya dalam analisisnya. Di lain pihak, metode kualitatif juga sama berkembangnya terutama didorong oleh keterbatasan metode kuantitatif dalam menjelaskan perilaku agen yang berubah-ubah.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt;"></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">Sumber :</span></div><div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://gammaz77.blogspot.com/</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://id.wikipedia.org/</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
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</div></div></div></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-63882500009391458502011-11-02T13:16:00.000-07:002011-11-02T13:33:47.783-07:00Ekonomi Mikro 4<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 24pt;">Ekonomi Mikro</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Bagian 4</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HryBUtRewBE/TrGjWICYBMI/AAAAAAAAAKE/VMFz321-8B8/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HryBUtRewBE/TrGjWICYBMI/AAAAAAAAAKE/VMFz321-8B8/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Tinjauan umum</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Salah satu tujuan ekonomi mikro adalah menganalisa pasar beserta mekanismenya yang membentuk harga relatif kepada produk dan jasa, dan alokasi dari sumber terbatas di antara banyak penggunaan alternatif. Ekonomi mikro menganalisa kegagalan pasar, yaitu ketika pasar gagal dalam memproduksi hasil yang efisien; serta menjelaskan berbagai kondisi teoritis yang dibutuhkan bagi suatu pasar persaingan sempurna. Bidang-bidang penelitian yang penting dalam ekonomi mikro, meliputi pembahasan mengenai keseimbangan umum (general equilibrium), keadaan pasar dalam informasi asimetris, pilihan dalam situasi ketidakpastian, serta berbagai aplikasi ekonomi dari teori permainan. Juga mendapat perhatian ialah pembahasan mengenai elastisitas produk dalam sistem pasar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Asumsi dan definisi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Teori penawaran dan permintaan biasanya mengasumsikan bahwa pasar merupakan pasar persaingan sempurna. Implikasinya ialah terdapat banyak pembeli dan penjual di dalam pasar, dan tidak satupun di antara mereka memiliki kapasitas untuk memengaruhi harga barang dan jasa secara signifikan. Dalam berbagai transaksi di kehidupan nyata, asumsi ini ternyata gagal, karena beberapa individu (baik pembeli maupun penjual) memiliki kemampuan untuk memengaruhi harga. Seringkali, dibutuhkan analisa yang lebih mendalam untuk memahami persamaan penawaran-permintaan terhadap suatu barang. Bagaimanapun, teori ini bekerja dengan baik dalam situasi yang sederhana.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekonomi arus utama (<i>mainstream economics</i>) tidak berasumsi <i>apriori</i> bahwa pasar lebih disukai daripada bentuk organisasi sosial lainnya. Bahkan, banyak analisa telah dilakukan untuk membahas beragam kasus yang disebut "kegagalan pasar", yang mengarah pada alokasi sumber daya yang suboptimal, bila ditinjau dari sudut pandang tertentu (contoh sederhananya ialah jalan tol, yang menguntungkan semua orang untuk digunakan tetapi tidak langsung menguntungkan mereka untuk membiayainya). Dalam kasus ini, ekonom akan berusaha untuk mencari kebijakan yang akan menghindari kesia-siaan langsung di bawah kendali pemerintah, secara tidak langsung oleh regulasi yang membuat pengguna pasar untuk bertindak sesuai norma konsisten dengan kesejahteraan optimal, atau dengan membuat "pasar yang hilang" untuk memungkinkan perdagangan efisien dimana tidak ada yang pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Hal ini dipelajari di bidang tindakan kolektif. Harus dicatat juga bahwa "kesejahteraan optimal" biasanya memakai norma Pareto, dimana dalam aplikasi matematisnya efisiensi Kaldor-Hicks, tidak konsisten dnegan norma utilitarian dalam sisi normatif dari ekonomi yang mempelajari tindakan kolektif, disebut pilihan masyarakat/publik. Kegagalan pasar dalam ekonomi positif (ekonomi mikro) dibatasi dalam implikasi tanpa mencampurkan kepercayaan para ekonom dan teorinya.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Permintaan untuk berbagai komoditas oleh perorangan biasanya disebut sebagai hasil dari proses maksimalisasi kepuasan. Penafsiran dari hubungan antara harga dan kuantitas yang diminta dari barang yang diberi, memberi semua barang dan jasa yang lain, pilihan pengaturan seperti inilah yang akan memberikan kebahagiaan tertinggi bagi para konsumen.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Model operasi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Diasumsikan bahwa semua perusahaan mengikuti pembuatan keputusan rasional, dan akan memproduksi pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan. Dalam asumsi ini, ada empat kategori dimana keuntungan perusahaan akan dipertimbangkan:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Sebuah perusahaan dikatakan membuat sebuah keuntungan ekonomi ketika <i>average total cost</i> lebih rendah dari setiap produk tambahan pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan. Keuntungan ekonomi adalah setara dengan kuantitas keluaran dikali dengan perbedaan antara <i>average total cost</i> dan harga.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Sebuah perusahaan dikatakan membuat sebuah keuntungan normal ketika keuntungan ekonominya sama dengan nol. Keadaan ini terjadi ketika <i>average total cost</i> setara dengan harga pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Jika harga adalah di antara <i>average total cost</i> dan <i>average variable cost</i> pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan, maka perusahaan tersebut dalam kondisi kerugian minimal. Perusahaan ini harusnya masih meneruskan produksi, karena kerugiannya akan makin membesar jika berhenti produksi. Dengan produksi terus menerus, perusahaan bisa menaikkan biaya variabel dan akhirnya biaya tetap, tetapi dengan menghentikan semuanya akan mengakibatkan kehilangan semua biaya tetapnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Jika harga dibawah <i>average variable cost</i> pada maksimalisasi keuntungan, perusahaan harus melakukan penghentian. Kerugian diminimalisir dengan tidak memproduksi sama sekali, karena produksi tidak akan menghasilkan keuntungan yang cukup signifikan untuk membiayai semua biaya tetap dan bagian dari biaya variabel. Dengan tidak berproduksi, kerugian perusahaan hanya pada biaya tetap. Dengan kehilangan biaya tetapnya, perusahaan menemui tantangan. Akan keluar dari pasar seutuhnya atau tetap bersaing dengan risiko kerugian menyeluruh. </span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></h2><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Kegagalan pasar</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam ekonomi mikro, istilah "kegagalan pasar" tidak berarti bahwa sebuah pasar tidak lagi berfungsi. Malahan, sebuah kegagalan pasar adalah situasi dimana sebuah pasar efisien dalam mengatur produksi atau alokasi barang dan jasa ke konsumen. Ekonom normalnya memakai istilah ini pada situasi dimana inefisiensi sudah dramatis, atau ketika disugestikan bahwa institusi non pasar akan memberi hasil yang diinginkan. Di sisi lain, pada konteks politik, pemegang modal atau saham menggunakan istilah kegagalan pasar untuk situasi saat pasar dipaksa untuk tidak melayani "kepentingan publik", sebuah pernyataan subyektif yang biasanya dibuat dari landasan moral atau sosial.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Empat jenis utama penyebab kegagalan pasar adalah :</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Monopoli atau dalam kasus lain dari penyalahgunaan dari kekuasaan pasar dimana "sebuah" pembeli atau penjual bisa memberi pengaruh signifikan pada harga atau keluaran. Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan pasar bisa dikurangi dengan menggunakan undang-undang anti-<i>trust</i>.</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro#cite_note-ecoglossary-4"><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">[5]</span></sup></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Eksternalitas, dimana terjadi dalam kasus dimana "pasar tidak dibawa kedalam akun dari akibat aktivitas ekonomi di dalam orang luar/asing." Ada eksternalitas positif dan eksternalitas negatif.</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro#cite_note-ecoglossary-4"><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">[5]</span></sup></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> Eksternalitas positif terjadi dalam kasus seperti dimana program kesehatan keluarga di televisi meningkatkan kesehatan publik. Eksternalitas negatif terjadi ketika proses dalam perusahaan menimbulkan polusi udara atau saluran air. Eksternalitas negatif bisa dikurangi dengan regulasi dari pemerintah, pajak, atau subsidi, atau dengan menggunakan hak properti untuk memaksa perusahaan atau perorangan untuk menerima akibat dari usaha ekonomi mereka pada taraf yang seharusnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Barang publik seperti pertahanan nasional</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">dan kegiatan dalam kesehatan publik seperti pembasmian sarang nyamuk. Contohnya, jika membasmi sarang nyamuk diserahkan pada pasar pribadi, maka jauh lebih sedikit sarang yang mungkin akan dibasmi. Untuk menyediakan penawaran yang baik dari barang publik, negara biasanya menggunakan pajak-pajak yang mengharuskan semua penduduk untuk membayar pada barang publik tersebut (berkaitan dengan pengetahuan kurang dari eksternalitas positif pada pihak ketiga/kesejahteraan sosial).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kasus dimana terdapat informasi asimetris atau ketidak pastian (informasi yang inefisien). Informasi asimetris terjadi ketika salah satu pihak dari transaksi memiliki informasi yang lebih banyak dan baik dari pihak yang lain. Biasanya para penjual yang lebih tahu tentang produk tersebut daripada sang pembeli, tapi ini tidak selalu terjadi dalam kasus ini. Contohnya, para pelaku bisnis mobil bekas mungkin mengetahui bagaimana mobil tersebut telah digunakan sebagai mobil pengantar atau taksi, informasi yang tidak tersedia bagi pembeli. Contoh dimana pembeli memiliki informasi lebih baik dari penjual merupakan penjualan rumah atau vila, yang mensyaratkan kesaksian penghuni sebelumnya. Seorang broker real estate membeli rumah ini mungkin memiliki informasi lebih tentang rumah tersebut dibandingkan anggota keluarga yang ditinggalkan. Situasi ini dijelaskan pertamakali oleh Kenneth J. Arrow di artikel seminar tentang kesehatan tahun 1963 berjudul "ketidakpastian dan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi dari Kepedulian Kesehatan, " di dalam <i>American Economic Review</i>. George Akerlof kemudian menggunakan istilah informasi asimetris pada karyanya ditahun 1970 <i>The Market for Lemons</i>. Akerlof menyadari bahwa, dalam pasar seperti itu, nilai rata-rata dari komoditas cenderung menurun, bahkan untuk kualitas yang sangat sempurna kebaikannya, karena para pembelinya tidak memiliki cara untuk mengetahui apakah produk yang mereka beli akan menjadi sebuah "lemon" (produk yang menyesatkan). </span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></h2><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Biaya peluang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Walaupun biaya peluang (<i>opportunity cost</i>) kadang-kadang sulit untuk dihitung, efek dari biaya peluang sangatlah universal dan nyata pada tingkat perorangan. Bahkan, prinsip ini dapat diaplikasikan kepada semua keputusan, dan bukan hanya bidang ekonomi. Sejak kemunculannya dalam karya seorang ekonom Jerman bernama Freidrich von Wieser, sekarang biaya peluang dilihat sebagai dasar dari teori nilai marjinal.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Biaya peluang merupakan salah satu cara untuk melakukan perhitungan dari sesuatu biaya. Bukan saja untuk mengenali dan menambahkan biaya ke proyek, tetapi juga mengenali cara alternatif lainnya untuk menghabiskan suatu jumlah uang yang sama. Keuntungan yang akan hilang sebagai akibat dari <i>alternatif terbaik lainnya</i>; adalah merupakan biaya peluang dari pilihan pertama. Sebuah contoh umum adalah seorang petani yang memilih mengolah pertaniannya dibandingkan dengan menyewakannya ke tetangga. Maka, biaya peluangnya adalah keuntungan yang hilang dari menyewakan lahan tersebut. Dalam kasus ini, sang petani mungkin mengharapkan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih besar dari pekerjaan yang dilakukannya sendiri. Begitu juga dengan memasuki universitas dan mengabaikan upah yang akan diterima jika memilih menjadi pekerja, yang dibanding dengan biaya pendidikan, buku, dan barang lain yang diperlukan (sebagai biaya total dari kehadirannya di universitas). Contoh lainnya ialah biaya peluang dari melancong ke Bahamas, yang mungkin merupakan uang untuk pembayaran cicilan rumah.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Perlu diingat bahwa biaya peluang bukanlah <i>jumlah</i> dari alternatif yang ada, melainkan lebih kepada keuntungan dari suatu pilihan alternatif yang terbaik. Biaya peluang yang mungkin dari keputusan sebuah kota membangun rumah sakit di lahan kosong, merupakan kerugian dari lahan untuk gelanggang olahraga, <i>atau</i> ketidakmampuan untuk menggunakan lahan menjadi sebuah tempat parkir, <i>atau</i> uang yang bisa didapat dari menjual lahan tersebut, <i>atau</i> kerugian dari penggunaan-pengguaan lainnya yang beragam - tapi bukan merupakan agregat dari semuanya (ditotalkan). Biaya peluang yang sebenarnya, merupakan keuntungan yang akan hilang dalam jumlah terbesar di antara alternatif-alternatif yang telah disebutkan tadi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Satu pertanyaan yang muncul dari ini ialah bagaimana menghitung keuntungan dari alternatif yang tidak sama. Kita harus menentukan sebuah nilai uang yang dihubungkan dengan tiap alternatif untuk memfasilitasi pembandingan dan penghitungan biaya peluang, yang hasilnya lebih-kurang akan menyulitkan untuk dihitung, tergantung dari benda yang akan kita bandingkan. Contohnya, untuk keputusan-keputusan yang melibatkan dampak lingkungan, nilai uangnya sangat sulit untuk dihitung karena ketidakpastian ilmiah. Menilai kehidupan seorang manusia atau dampak ekonomi dari tumpahnya minyak di Alaska, akan melibatkan banyak pilihan subyektif dengan implikasi etisnya.</span></div><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></h2><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Penerapan ekonomi mikro</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekonomi mikro yang diterapkan termasuk area besar belajar, banyak di antaranya menggambarkan metode dari yang lainnya. <b>Regulasi dan organisasi industri</b> mempelajari topik seperti masuk dan keluar dari firma, inovasi, aturan merek dagang. <b>Hukum dan Ekonomi</b> menerapkan prinsip ekonomi mikro ke pemilihan dan penguatan dari berkompetisi dengan rezim legal dan efisiensi relatifnya. <b>Ekonomi Perburuhan</b> mempelajari upah, kepegawaian, dan dinamika pasar buruh. <b>Finansial publik</b> (juga dikenal dengan ekonomi publik) mempelajari rancangan dari pajak pemerintah dan kebijakan pengeluaran dan efek ekonomi dari kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut (contohnya, program asuransi sosial). <b>Ekonomi kesehatan</b> mempelajari organisasi dari sistem kesehatan, termasuk peran dari pegawai kesehatan dan program asuransi kesehatan. <b> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><b>Politik ekonomi</b> mempelajari peran dari institusi politik dalam menentukan keluarnya sebuah kebijakan. <b>Ekonomi kependudukan</b>, yang mempelajari tantangan yang dihadapi oleh kota-kota, seperti gepeng, polusi air dan udara, kemacetan lalu-lintas, dan kemiskinan, digambarkan dalam geografi kependudukan dan sosiologi. <b>Finansial Ekonomi</b> mempelajari topik seperti struktur dari portofolio yang optimal, rasio dari pengembalian ke modal, analisa ekonometri dari keamanan pengembalian, dan kebiasaan finansial korporat. Bidang <b>Sejarah ekonomi</b> mempelajari evolusi dari ekonomi dan institusi ekonomi, menggunakan metode dan teknik dari bidang ekonomi, sejarah, geografi, sosiologi, psikologi dan ilmu politik.</span></div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Konsep fundamental dalam ekonomi mikro</span></span></i></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">elastisitas - surplus konsumsi - surplus produsen - permintaan agregat - kompetisi - efisiensi</span></i></span></div><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Teori konsumsi</span></span></i></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Prefrensi - kurva indiferen - utilitas - utilitas marjinal -pendataan</span></i></span></div><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Teori produksi dan harga</span></span></i></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dasar tori produksi - efisiensi-X - faktor produksi - lahan kemungkinan produksi - maksimalisasi laba -fungsi produksi - ekonomi skala - ekonomi cakupan - diskriminasi harga - harga transfer - harga barang gabungan - titik harga</span></i></span></div><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kesejahteraan ekonomi</span></span></i></span></h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekonomi kesejahteraan - efisiensi Pareto - efisiensi Kaldor-Hicks - kotak Edgeworth - fungsi kesejahteraan sosial - matriks pertidaksamaan pendapatan - kurva Lorenz - koefisien Gini - tingkat kemiskinan - kerugian bobot mati</span></i></span><br />
<h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Organisasi industri</span></span></i></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Bentuk pasar - pasar persaingan sempurna - monopoli - pasar monopolistik - oligopoli - rasio konsentrasi - indeks Herfindahl</span></i></span></div><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kegagalan pasar</span></span></i></span></h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Aksi kolektif - informasi asimetris - Pasar Lemon - eksternalitas - barang publik - Regulasi Antitrust - biaya sosial - barang bebas - pajak - tragedi rakyat jelata - tragedi rakyat bukan jelata - Penguin Coase</span></i></span><br />
<h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Ekonomi finansial</span></span></i></span></h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Teori pasar efisien - ekonomi finansial - finansial - risiko</span></i></span><br />
<h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Perdagangan internasional</span></span></i></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Perdagangan internasional - syarat perdagangan - tarif - Daftar topik perdagangan internasional</span></i></span></div><h3><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Metodologi</span></span></i></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekuilibirium umum - teori Game - ekonomi institusional - ekonomi neoklasik - ekonomi ustria</span></i></span></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Catatan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">^</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> www.mcwdn.org/ECONOMICS/EcoGlossary.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">^</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> www.nmlites.org/standards/socialstudies/glossary.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">^</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> www.mcwdn.org/ECONOMICS/EcoGlossary.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">^</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> www.econ100.com/eu5e/open/glossary.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">^</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> <sup>a</sup> <sup>b</sup> <sup>c</sup> <sup>d</sup> http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?LETTER=M#marketfailure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Ceteris paribus</span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Cēterīs pāribus</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> adalah istilah dalam bahasa Latin, yang secara harafiah dalam bahasa Indonesia dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "<i>dengan hal-hal lainnya tetap sama</i>", dan dalam bahasa Inggris biasanya diterjemahkan sebagai "<i>all other things being equal</i>."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam ilmu ekonomi, istilah <i>ceteris paribus</i> seringkali digunakan, yaitu sebagai suatu asumsi untuk menyederhanakan beragam formulasi dan deskripsi dari berbagai anggapan ekonomi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Sebagai contoh, dapatlah dikatakan bahwa:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Harga dari daging sapi akan meningkat — <i>ceteris paribus</i> — bila kuantitas daging sapi yang diminta oleh pembeli juga meningkat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam contoh tersebut, penggunaan <i>ceteris paribus</i> adalah untuk menyatakan hubungan operasional antara harga dan kuantitas suatu barang (daging sapi). <i>Ceteris paribus</i> di sini berarti bahwa asumsi yang diambil ialah mengabaikan berbagai faktor yang diketahui dan yang tidak diketahui yang dapat memengaruhi hubungan antara harga dan kuantitas permintaan. Faktor-faktor tersebut misalnya termasuk: harga barang substitusi (misalnya harga daging ayam atau daging kambing), tingkat penghindaran risiko para pembeli (misalnya ketakutan pada penyakit sapi gila), atau adanya tingkat permintaan keseluruhan terhadap suatu barang tanpa memperhatikan tingkat harganya (misalnya perpindahan masyarakat kepada vegetarianisme).</span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penawaran dan permintaan</span></h1><h1><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaIX-apzssk/TrGj6dTwknI/AAAAAAAAAKM/pdn9HWWTdV0/s1600/217px-Supply-demand-right-shift-demand.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaIX-apzssk/TrGj6dTwknI/AAAAAAAAAKM/pdn9HWWTdV0/s1600/217px-Supply-demand-right-shift-demand.svg.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Harga dari suatu produk (P), ditentukan oleh keseimbangan antara tingkat produksi pada harga tertentu (yaitu penawaran: S) dan tingkat keinginan dari orang-orang yang memiliki kekuatan membeli pada harga tertentu (yaitu permintaan: D). Grafik ini memperlihatkan adanya peningkatan permintaan, dari D<sub>1</sub> ke D<sub>2</sub>, seiring dengan peningkatan harga dan kuantitas (Q) produk yang terjual.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Teori <b>penawaran dan permintaan</b> (bahasa Inggris: <i>supply and demand</i>) dalam ilmu ekonomi, adalah penggambarkan atas hubungan-hubungan di pasar, antara para calon pembeli dan penjual dari suatu barang. <b>Model penawaran dan permintaan</b> digunakan untuk menentukan harga dan kuantitas yang terjual di pasar. Model ini sangat penting untuk melakukan analisa ekonomi mikro terhadap perilaku serta interaksi para pembeli dan penjual. Ia juga digunakan sebagai titik tolak bagi berbagai model dan teori ekonomi lainnya. Model ini memperkirakan bahwa dalam suatu pasar yang kompetitif, harga akan berfungsi sebagai penyeimbang antara kuantitas yang diminta oleh konsumen dan kuantitas yang ditawarkan oleh produsen, sehingga terciptalah keseimbangan ekonomi antara harga dan kuantitas. Model ini mengakomodasi kemungkian adanya faktor-faktor yang dapat mengubah keseimbangan, yang kemudian akan ditampilkan dalam bentuk terjadinya pergeseran dari permintaan atau penawaran.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Pasar</span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> adalah salah satu dari berbagai sistem, institusi, prosedur, hubungan sosial dan infrastruktur dimana usaha menjual barang, jasa dan tenaga kerja untuk orang-orang dengan imbalan uang. Barang dan jasa yang dijual menggunakan alat pembayaran yang sah seperti uang fiat. Kegiatan ini merupakan bagian dari perekonomian. Ini adalah pengaturan yang memungkinkan pembeli dan penjual untuk item pertukaran. Persaingan sangat penting dalam pasar, dan memisahkan pasar dari perdagangan. Dua orang mungkin melakukan perdagangan, tetapi dibutuhkan setidaknya tiga orang untuk memiliki pasar, sehingga ada persaingan pada setidaknya satu dari dua belah pihak. Pasar bervariasi dalam ukuran, jangkauan, skala geografis, lokasi jenis dan berbagai komunitas manusia, serta jenis barang dan jasa yang diperdagangkan. Beberapa contoh termasuk pasar petani lokal yang diadakan di alun-alun kota atau tempat parkir, pusat perbelanjaan dan pusat perbelanjaan, mata uang internasional dan pasar komoditas, hukum menciptakan pasar seperti untuk izin polusi, dan pasar ilegal seperti pasar untuk obat-obatan terlarang.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam ilmu ekonomi mainstream, konsep pasar adalah setiap struktur yang memungkinkan pembeli dan penjual untuk menukar jenis barang, jasa dan informasi. Pertukaran barang atau jasa untuk uang adalah transaksi. Pasar peserta terdiri dari semua pembeli dan penjual yang baik yang memengaruhi harga nya. Pengaruh ini merupakan studi utama ekonomi dan telah melahirkan beberapa teori dan model tentang kekuatan pasar dasar penawaran dan permintaan. Ada dua peran di pasar, pembeli dan penjual. Pasar memfasilitasi perdagangan dan memungkinkan distribusi dan alokasi sumber daya dalam masyarakat. Pasar mengizinkan semua item yang diperdagangkan untuk dievaluasi dan harga. Sebuah pasar muncul lebih atau kurang spontan atau sengaja dibangun oleh interaksi manusia untuk memungkinkan pertukaran hak (kepemilikan) jasa dan barang.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Secara historis, pasar berasal di pasar fisik yang sering akan berkembang menjadi - atau dari - komunitas kecil, kota dan kota.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Klasifikasi Pasar</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar tradisional</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar tradisional merupakan tempat bertemunya penjual dan pembeli serta ditandai dengan adanya transaksi penjual pembeli secara langsung dan biasanya ada proses tawar-menawar, bangunan biasanya terdiri dari kios-kios atau gerai, los dan dasaran terbuka yang dibuka oleh penjual maupun suatu pengelola pasar. Kebanyakan menjual kebutuhan sehari-hari seperti bahan-bahan makanan berupa ikan, buah, sayur-sayuran, telur, daging, kain, pakaian barang elektronik, jasa dan lain-lain. Selain itu, ada pula yang menjual kue-kue dan barang-barang lainnya. Pasar seperti ini masih banyak ditemukan di Indonesia, dan umumnya terletak dekat kawasan perumahan agar memudahkan pembeli untuk mencapai pasar. Beberapa pasar tradisional yang "legendaris" antara lain adalah pasar Beringharjo di Yogyakarta, pasar Klewer di Solo, pasar Johar di Semarang. Pasar tradisional di seluruh Indonesia terus mencoba bertahan menghadapi serangan dari pasar modern.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar modern</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar modern tidak banyak berbeda dari pasar tradisional, namun pasar jenis ini penjual dan pembeli tidak bertransakasi secara langsung melainkan pembeli melihat label harga yang tercantum dalam barang (barcode), berada dalam bangunan dan pelayanannya dilakukan secara mandiri (swalayan) atau dilayani oleh pramuniaga. Barang-barang yang dijual, selain bahan makanan makanan seperti; buah, sayuran, daging; sebagian besar barang lainnya yang dijual adalah barang yang dapat bertahan lama. Contoh dari pasar modern adalah <i>hypermarket</i>, pasar swalayan (<i>supermarket</i>), dan minimarket.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar dapat dikategorikan dalam beberapa hal. Yaitu menurut jenisnya, jenis barang yang dijual, lokasi pasar, hari, luas jangkauan dan wujud.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Menurut Jenisnya</span></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Konsumsi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar konsumsi adalah pasar yang menjual barang-barang untuk keperluan konsumsi. Misalnya menjual beras, sandal, lukisan dan lain-lain. Contohnya adalah Pasar Mergan di Malang, Pasar Kramat Jati di Jakarta dan lain-lain.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Faktor Produksi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar faktor produksi adalah pasar yang menjual barang-barang untuk keperluan produksi. Misalnya menjual mesin-mesin untuk alat produksi barang, lahan untuk pabrik dan lain-lain.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Menurut Jenis Barang yang Dijual</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar menurut jenis barang yang dijual dapat dibagi menjadi pasar ikan, pasar buah dan lain-lain.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Menurut Lokasi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar menurut lokasi misalnya Pasar Kebayoran yang berlokasi di Kebayoran Lama dan lain-lain.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Menurut Hari</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar menurut hari dinamakan sesuai hari pasar itu dibuka. Misalnya Pasar Rebo dibuka khusus hari Rabu, Pasar Minggu dibuka khusus hari Minggu, Pasar Senen dibuka khusus hari Senin, Pasar Wage Purwokerto dan lain-lain.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Menurut Luas Jangkauan</span></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Daerah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar Daerah membeli dan menjual produk dalam satu daerah produk itu dihasilkan. Bisa juga dikatakan pasar daerah melayani permintaan dan penawaran dalam satu daerah.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Lokal</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar lokal adalah pasar yang membeli dan menjual produk dalam satu kota tempat produk itu dihasilkan. Bisa juga dikatakan pasar lokal melayani permintaan dan penawaran dalam satu kota.</span></div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Nasional</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar nasional adalah pasar yang membeli dan menjual produk dalam satu negara tempat produk itu dihasilkan. Bisa juga dikatakan pasar nasional melayani permintaan dan penjualan dari dalam negeri.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Internasional</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar internasional adalah pasar yang membeli dan menjual produk dari beberapa negara. Bisa juga dikatakan luas jangkauannya di seluruh dunia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Menurut Wujud</span></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Konkret</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar Konkret adalah pasar yang lokasinya dapat dilihat dengan kasat mata. Misalnya ada los-los, toko-toko dan lain-lain. Di pasar konkret, produk yang dijual dan dibeli juga dapat dilihat dengan kasat mata. Konsumen dan produsen juga dapat dengan mudah dibedakan.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Abstrak</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar Abstrak adalah pasar yang lokasinya tidak dapat dilihat dengan kasat mata.konsumen dan produsen tidak bertemu secara langsung.Biasanya dapat melalui internet, pemesanan telepon dan lain-lain. Barang yang diperjual belikan tidak dapat dilihat dengan kasat mata, tapi pada umumnya melalui brosur, rekomendasi dan lain-lain. Kita juga tidak dapat melihat konsumen dan produsen bersamaan, atau bisa dikatakan sulit membedakan produsen dan konsumen sekaligus.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
sumber :<br />
<h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://ekonomikro.blogspot.com/2011/09/rangkuman-pengantar-ekonomi-mikro-prof.html</span></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">sonilaksono.yolasite.com/.../...</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">myzakian.com</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro</span></cite></h2><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2789893746317428839</span></h2><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.ghttp://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.gif</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://gozaligunadarma.blogspot.com/2011/04/kurva-permintaan-dan-penawaran.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://arumtiasnugraheni.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/index.php?display=view&ack=1&list=2&mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&id=50&uniq=all</span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-5551438162060474592011-11-02T13:04:00.000-07:002011-11-02T13:04:52.517-07:00Ekonomi Mikro 3<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekonomi Mikro</span></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Bagian 3</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-i1pEXouhheY/TrGaD-g3FQI/AAAAAAAAAJc/WN9QkSklfn0/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-i1pEXouhheY/TrGaD-g3FQI/AAAAAAAAAJc/WN9QkSklfn0/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" /></a></div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> Fungsi Produksi </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menunjukkan sifat hubungan antara faktor-faktor produksi dan tingkat produksi yang dihasilkan, faktor-faktor produksi disebut sebagai input dan jumlah produksi disebut sebagai output. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI PRODUKSI DALAM ILMU EKONOMI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori produksi menyebutkan bahwa kepuasan produsen diperoleh dengan memaksimumkan keuntungan produksi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maksimation of profit</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses produksi : rangkaian dari kegiatan-kegiatan produksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses distribusi : rangkaian dari kegiatan-kegiatan distribusi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses konsumsi : rangkaian dari kegiatan-kegiatan konsumsi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kegiatan produksi : kegiatan menciptakan/meningkatkan kefaedahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Produksi : Proses mempergunakan unsur-unsur produksi dengan maksud menciptakan faedah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. Kebutuhan manusia ada dua : barang-barang dan jasa. Barang : alat penemuan kebutuhan manusia yang tampak. Jasa : alat penemuan kebutuhan manusia yang tidak tampak tapi dapat dirasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Barang ekonomi : Barang-barang yang diperoleh dengan mengorbankan sesuatu.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam ilmu ekonomi, teori produksi dalam analisis dibedakan pada dua pendekatan, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Teori Produksi dengan Satu Faktor Berubah</span></h2><h2 style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Teori produksi menggambarkan tentang hubungan antara tingkat produksi suatu barang dengan jumlah tenaga kerja yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan berbagai tingkat produksi barang tersebut. Dengan demikian dalam analisis faktor-faktor lainnya dianggap tetap.</span></h2><h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Teori Produksi dengan Dua Faktor Berubah</span></h2><h2 style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Teori produksi menggambarkan tentang hubungan antara tingkat produksi suatu barang dengan dua jenis faktor produksi (tenaga kerja dan modal) dapat diubah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan berbagai tingkat produksi yang tersebut.</span></h2><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pada prinsipnya kegiatan produksi yang dilakukan oleh produsen-produsen dalam pendekatannya dibagi 3 bagian :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka pendek (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">short run</i>) : (1). Waktunya cukup pendek sehingga ada faktor input tetap (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fixed input</i>), (2). teknologi yang digunakan tidak berubah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">konstan</i>), (3). satu siklus produksi dapat diselesaikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka panjang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">long run</i>) : (1). Tidak ada input tetap lagi, hanya input variabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">variable input</i>) saja yang ada, (2). Teknologi konstan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka sangat panjang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">very long run</i>) : teknologi berubah, dan biasanya tidak hanya membicarakan satu fungsi produksi saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR PRODUKSI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor produksi (sumber-sumber daya) adalah benda-benda yang disediakan oleh alam atau diciptakan oleh manusia yang dapat digunakan untuk memperoduksi barang-barang dan jasa-jasa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor produksi yang tersedia dalam perekonomian akan menentukan sampai dimana suatu negara dapat menghasilkan barang dan jasa. Faktor produksi yang tersedia dalam perekonomian dibedakan dalam 4 jenis, yaitu :</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></h1><h1 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Tanah dan Sumber Alam</span></h1><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Faktor produksi yang disediakan alam, meliputi : tanah, berbagai jenis barang tambang, hasil hutan dan sumber alam lainnya yang dapat dijadikan modal. Kekayaan alam meliputi : (1) Tanah dan keadaan iklim, (b) Kekayaan hutan, (c) Kekayaan di bawah tanah (bahan pertambangan), (d) Kekayaan air, sebagai sumber tenaga penggerak, untuk pengangkutan, sebagai sumber bahan makanan (perikanan), sebagai sumber pengairan dll.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Keadaan alam, khusus tanah dipengaruhi oleh : luas tanah, mutu tanah dan keadaan iklim. Sumber-sumber alam merupakan dasar untuk kegiatan disektor pertanian, kehewanan, perikanan dan di sektor pertambangan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Sektor-sektor itu lazim disebut produksi primer (industri pabrik dipandang sebagai produksi sekunder).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 62.95pt;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Tenaga Kerja</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tenaga kerja adalah semua yang bersedia dan sanggup bekerja. Golongan ini meliputi yang bekerja untuk kepentingan sendiri, baik anggota-anggota keluarga yang tidak menerima bayaran berupa uang maupun mereka yang bekerja untuk gaji dan upah. Juga yang menganggur, tetapi yang sebenarnya bersedia dan mampu untuk bekerja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan umur tenaga kerja dibagi tiga :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penduduk dibawah usia kerja : dibawah 15 tahun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Golongan antara 15 - 64 tahun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Golongan yang sebenarnya sudah melebihi umur kerja, diatas 65 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Faktor produksi berupa tenaga kerja ini adalah manusia/SDM yang mempunyai keahlian dan ketrampilan yang dibedakan 3 golongan, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 44.8pt; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tenaga kerja kasar, adalah tenaga yang tidak berpendidikan atau berpendidikan rendah dan tidak memiliki keahlian dalam suatu bidang pekerjaan (contoh : tukang sapu jalan, kuli bangunan dll).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 44.8pt; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tenaga kerja terampil, adalah tenaga kerja yang memiliki keahlian dari pelatihan atau pengalaman kerja (contoh : montir mobil, tukang kayu, perbaikan TV dan lain-lain).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 44.8pt; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tenaga kerja terdidik, adalah tenaga kerja yang memiliki pendidikan cukup tinggi dan ahli dalam bidang tertentu (contoh : dokter, akuntan, insinyur, dll).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Modal</span></h1><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Faktor produksi berupa benda yang diciptakan manusia akan digunakan untuk memproduksi barang-barang dan jasa-jasa yang mereka butuhkan (contoh : bangunan pabrik, mesin-mesin dan peralatan pabrik, alat-alat angkutan, dll). Setiap waktu ada persediaan barang-barang yang ditanam di gudang-gudang atau toko-toko dan sudah siap untuk dijual. Semua bahan-bahan mentah dan barang-barang selesai yang ada dalam persediaan tadi disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stock</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inventory</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Keahlian Keusahawanan (pengelolaan)</span></h1><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Faktor produksi ini berbentuk keahlian dan kemampuan usaha untuk mendirikan dan mengembangkan keterampilan berupa benda yang diciptakan manusia dan digunakan untuk memproduksi barang-barang dan jasa-jasa yang mereka butuhkan. Keahlian keusahawanan meliputi kemahirannya mengkoordinasi berbagai sumber atau faktor produksi tersebut secara efektif dan efisien, sehingga usahanya berhasil dan berkembang serta dapat menyediakan barang dan jasa untuk masyarakat. Tugas pengelolaan adalah untuk mengatur ketiga faktor produksi di atas untuk kerja sama dalam proses produksi. Peranan pengelolaan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">skills</i>), yaitu memimpin usaha-usaha yang bersangkutan, mengatur organisasinya dan menaikkan mutu tenaga manusia untuk mempergunakan unsur-unsur modal dan alam dengan sebaik-baiknya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pengertian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">skills</i> meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Managerial skills atau entrepreneurial skills.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemampuan untuk mempergunakan kesempatan-kesempatan yang ada dengan sebaik-baiknya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Technological skills</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berhubungan dengan keahlian yang khusus bersifat ekonomis teknis yang diperlukan untuk kegiatan ekonomi dan produksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Organizational skills</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecerdasan untuk mengatur berbagai usaha. Hal ini bertalian dengan hal-hal didalam lingkungan sebuah perusahaan (hal-hal intern dari perusahaan) maupun dengan kegiatan-kegiatan di dalam rangka masyarakat seperti usaha menyusun koperasi, bank-bank dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Konsepsi dari Suatu Fungsi Produksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi produksi, yaitu suatu hubungan mathematis yang menggambarkan suatu cara dimana jumlah dari hasil produksi tertentu tergantung dari jumlah input tertentu yang digunakan. Suatu fungsi produksi memberikan keterangan mengenai jumlah output yang mungkin diharapkan apabila input-input dikombinasikan dalam suatu cara yang khusus. Macam-macam kombinasi ini banyak macamnya. Macam hasil produksi dan banyaknya hasil produksi yang akan diperoleh tergantung pada (merupakan fungsi dari pada) macam dan jumlah input yang digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi produksi umumnya ditulis sebagai Y = f (X), dimana Y menunjukkan hasil produksi; f sebelum tanda kurung menyatakan : "tergantung" yaitu "suatu fungsi dari"; dan huruf X menunjukkan suatu input yang digunakan. Apabila jumlah input yang digunakan lebih dari 1 maka fungsi produksi tersebut dapat dituliskan : Y = f(X1, X2, ...., Xn); dimana X1, X2, ..., Xn merupakan jenis input yang digunakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asumsi-asumsi dari fungsi produksi tersebut adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi produksi bersifat kontinyu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi produksi bernilai tunggal dari masing-masing variabel di dalamnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Derivasi I dan II fungsi ini tetap kontinyu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi produksi harus relevan (bernilai positip) baik untuk input X maupun output Y</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaan tehnologi adalah maksimal pada tingkatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-jenis Fungsi Produksi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo32; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Constant return</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, hubungan yang menunjukkan jumlah hasil produksi meningkat dengan jumlah yang sama untuk setiap kesatuan tambahan input.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zP2Mb5sotKs/TrGbBvWlAwI/AAAAAAAAAJk/MzRT6nBOKdQ/s1600/Kurva+Constant+Returns.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zP2Mb5sotKs/TrGbBvWlAwI/AAAAAAAAAJk/MzRT6nBOKdQ/s320/Kurva+Constant+Returns.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo32; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Increasing return: Hubungan dimana kesatuan tambahan input menghasilkan suatu tambahan hasil produksi yang lebih besar dari kesatuan-kesatuan sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E14njV_2mnI/TrGbWqgok1I/AAAAAAAAAJs/Qnt0_2o3-Y0/s1600/Kurva+Increasing++Returns.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E14njV_2mnI/TrGbWqgok1I/AAAAAAAAAJs/Qnt0_2o3-Y0/s320/Kurva+Increasing++Returns.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo32; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Decreasing return: Hubungan yang mana kesatuan-kesatuan tambahan input menghasilkan suatu kenaikan hasil produksi yang lebih kecil dari kesatuan-kesatuan sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eXZWp8P4K4s/TrGfuSmVqAI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/U65jlV6MVac/s1600/Kurva+Decreasing++Returns.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eXZWp8P4K4s/TrGfuSmVqAI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/U65jlV6MVac/s320/Kurva+Decreasing++Returns.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt right 411.05pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BIAYA PRODUKSI </span></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI BIAYA PRODUKSI </span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Analisis biaya produksi perusahaan dibedakan dalam dua jangka, yaitu :</span><br />
</div><h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Biaya Produksi Dalam Jangka Pendek</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori Produksi menggambarkan tentang hubungan antara tingkat produksi suatu barang dengan jumlah tenaga kerja yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan berbagai tingkat produksi barang tersebut. Dengan demikian dalam analisis faktor-faktor lainnya dianggap tetap.</span><br />
</div><h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Biaya Produksi Dalam Jangka Panjang</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori produksi menggambarkan tentang hubungan antara tingkat produksi suatu barang dengan jumlah tenaga kerja yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan berbagai tingkat produksi barang tersebut. Dengan demikian dalam analisis faktor-faktor lainnya dianggap tetap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Model Operasi</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diasumsikan bahwa semua perusahaan mengikuti pembuatan keputusan rasional, dan akan memproduksi pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan. Dalam asumsi ini, ada empat kategori dimana keuntungan perusahaan akan dipertimbangkan:</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebuah perusahaan dikatakan membuat sebuah keuntungan ekonomi ketika <i>average total cost </i>lebih rendah dari setiap produk tambahan pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan. Keuntungan ekonomi adalah setara dengan kuantitas keluaran dikali dengan perbedaan antara <i>average total cost </i>dan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebuah perusahaan dikatakan membuat sebuah keuntungan normal ketika keuntungan ekonominya sama dengan nol. Keadaan ini terjadi ketika <i>average total cost </i>setara dengan harga pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika harga adalah di antara <i>average total cost </i>dan <i>average variable cost </i>pada keluaran maksimalisasi keuntungan, maka perusahaan tersebut dalam kondisi kerugian minimal. Perusahaan ini harusnya masih meneruskan produksi, karena kerugiannya akan makin membesar jika berhenti produksi. Dengan produksi terus menerus, perusahaan bisa menaikkan biaya variabel dan akhirnya biaya tetap, tetapi dengan menghentikan semuanya akan mengakibatkan kehilangan semua biaya tetapnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika harga dibawah <i>average variable cost </i>pada maksimalisasi keuntungan, perusahaan harus melakukan penghentian. Kerugian diminimalisir dengan tidak memproduksi sama sekali, karena produksi tidak akan menghasilkan keuntungan yang cukup signifikan untuk membiayai semua biaya tetap dan bagian dari biaya variabel. Dengan tidak berproduksi, kerugian perusahaan hanya pada biaya tetap. Dengan kehilangan biaya tetapnya, perusahaan menemui tantangan. Akan keluar dari pasar seutuhnya atau tetap bersaing dengan resiko kerugian menyeluruh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Biaya Peluang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Walaupun biaya peluang (<i>opportunity cost</i>) terkadang sulit untuk dihitung, efek dari biaya peluang sangatlah universal dan nyata pada tingkat perorangan. Bahkan, prinsip ini dapat diaplikasikan kepada semua keputusan, dan bukan hanya bidang ekonomi. Sejak kemunculannya dalam karya seorang ekonom Jerman bernama Freidrich von Wieser, sekarang biaya peluang dilihat sebagai dasar dari teori nilai marjinal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biaya peluang merupakan salah satu cara untuk melakukan perhitungan dari sesuatu biaya. Bukan saja untuk mengenali dan menambahkan biaya ke proyek, tetapi juga mengenali cara alternatif lainnya untuk menghabiskan suatu jumlah uang yang sama. Keuntungan yang akan hilang sebagai akibat dari <i>alternatif terbaik lainnya</i>; adalah merupakan biaya peluang dari pilihan pertama. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebuah contoh umum adalah seorang petani yang memilih mengolah pertaniannya dibandingkan dengan menyewakannya ke tetangga. Maka, biaya peluangnya adalah keuntungan yang hilang dari menyewakan lahan tersebut. Dalam kasus ini, sang petani mungkin mengharapkan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih besar dari pekerjaan yang dilakukannya sendiri. Begitu juga dengan memasuki universitas dan mengabaikan upah yang akan diterima jika memilih menjadi pekerja, yang dibanding dengan biaya pendidikan, buku, dan barang lain yang diperlukan (sebagai biaya total dari kehadirannya di universitas). Contoh lainnya ialah biaya peluang dari melancong ke Bahamas, yang mungkin merupakan uang untuk pembayaran cicilan rumah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perlu diingat bahwa biaya peluang bukanlah <i>jumlah </i>dari alternatif yang ada, melainkan lebih kepada keuntungan dari suatu pilihan alternatif yang terbaik. Biaya peluang yang mungkin dari keputusan sebuah kota membangun rumah sakit di lahan kosong, merupakan kerugian dari lahan untuk gelanggang olahraga, <i>atau </i>ketidakmampuan untuk menggunakan lahan menjadi sebuah tempat parkir, <i>atau </i>uang yang bisa didapat dari menjual lahan tersebut, <i>atau </i>kerugian dari penggunaan-pengguaan lainnya yang beragam, tapi bukan merupakan agregat dari semuanya (ditotalkan). Biaya peluang yang sebenarnya, merupakan keuntungan yang akan hilang dalam jumlah terbesar diantara alternatif-alternatif yang telah disebutkan tadi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Satu pertanyaan yang muncul dari ini ialah bagaimana menghitung keuntungan dari alternatif yang tidak sama. Kita harus menentukan sebuah nilai uang yang dihubungkan dengan tiap alternatif untuk memfasilitasi pembandingan dan penghitungan biaya peluang, yang hasilnya lebih-kurang akan menyulitkan untuk dihitung, tergantung dari benda yang akan kita bandingkan. Contohnya, untuk keputusan-keputusan yang melibatkan dampak lingkungan, nilai uangnya sangat sulit untuk dihitung karena ketidakpastian ilmiah. Menilai kehidupan seorang manusia atau dampak ekonomi dari tumpahnya minyak di Alaska, akan melibatkan banyak pilihan subyektif dengan implikasi etisnya.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">STRUKTUR PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Pasar pada Umumnya</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah perhatikan gambar di atas, berarti kita mendapat gambaran tentang keadaan pasar dalam k</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ehidupan sehari-hari. Agar lebih mengerti tentang pengertian pasar, kita dapat memperhatikan pasar yang ada di sekitar tempat tinggal kita. Pasar secara sederhana merupakan tempat pertemuan antara penjual dan pembeli untuk melakukan transaksi jual-beli barang dan jasa. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun pasar menurut kajian Ilmu Ekonomi memiliki pengertian; pasar adalah suatu tempat atau proses interaksi antara permintaan (pembeli) dan penawaran (penjual) dari suatu barang/jasa tertentu, sehingga akhirnya dapat menetapkan harga keseimbangan (harga pasar) dan jumlah yang diperdagangkan. Jadi setiap proses yang mempertemukan antara pembeli dan penjual, maka akan membentuk harga yang disepakati antara pembeli dan penjual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita dapat melihat pasar dalam bentuk fisik seperti pasar barang (barang konsumsi). Secara sederhana pasar dapat dikelompokkan menjadi:</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut segi fisiknya, pasar dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, di antaranya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar tradisional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar raya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar abstrak</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar konkrit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">toko swalayan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">toko serba ada, dll</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berdasarkan <i>jenis barang yang dijual</i>, pasar dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam di antaranya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar ikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar sayuran</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar buah-buahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar barang elektronik</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar barang perhiasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pasar bahan bangunan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bursa efek dan saham, dll</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aktivitas usaha yang dilakukan di pasar pada dasarnya akan melibatkan dua subyek pokok, yaitu <b>produsen </b>dan <b>konsumen</b>. Kedua subyek tersebut masing-masing mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar terhadap pembentukan harga barang di pasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">STRUKTUR PASAR</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktur Pasar memiliki pengertian penggolongan produsen kepada beberapa bentuk pasar berdasarkan pada ciri-ciri seperti jenis produk yang dihasilkan, banyaknya perusahaan dalam industri, mudah tidaknya keluar atau masuk ke dalam industri dan peranan iklan dalam kegiatan industri. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Analisa ekonomi membedakan struktur pasar menjadi 4 jenis yaitu : Pasar Persaingan Sempurna, Pasar Monopoli, Persaingan Monopolistis, dan Pasar Oligopoli: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar Persaingan Sempurna</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Persaingan sempurna merupakan struktur pasar yang paling ideal karena dianggap sistem pasar ini adalah struktur pasar yang akan menjamin terwujudnya kegiatan memproduksi barang atau jasa yang tinggi (optimal) efisiensinya. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perekonomian merupakan pasar persaingan sempuma. Akan tetapi dalam prakteknya tidaklah mudah untuk menentukan jenis industri yang struktur organisasinya digolongkan kepada persaingan sempurna yang murni, yaitu yang ciri-cirinya sepenuhnya bersamaan dengan dalam teori. Yang ada adalah yang mendekati ciri-cirinya, yaitu struktur pasar dari berbagai kegiatan disektor pertanian. Namun demikian, walaupun pasar persaingan sempurna yang murni tidak wujud di dalam praktek.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar persaingan sempurna dapat didefinisikan sebagai struktur pasar atau industri dimana terdapat banyak penjual dan pembeli. Dan setiap penjual ataupun pembeli tidak dapat mempengaruhi keadaan di pasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 26.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">CIRI-CIRI PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap perusahaan adalah “pengambil harga”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya suatu perusahaan yang ada di dalam pasar tidak dapat menentukan atau merubah harga pasar. Adapun perusahaan di dalam pasar tidak akan menimbulkan perubahan ke atas harga pasar yang berlaku. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Harga barang di pasar ditentukan oleh interaksi diantara keseluruhan produsen dan keseluruhan pembeli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap perusahaan mudah keluar atau masuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya sekiranya perusahaan mengalami kerugian, dan ingin meninggalkan industri tersebut, langkah ini dengan mudah dilakukan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebaliknya apabila ada produsen yang ingin melakukan kegiatan di industri tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Produsen tersebut dapat dengan mudah melakukan kegiatan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap perusahaan menghasilkan barang yang sama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya bahwa barang yang dihasilkan berbagai perusahaan tidak mudah untuk dibeda-bedakan. Pembeli tidak dapat membedakan yang mana dihasilkan oleh produsen A atau B.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Banyak perusahaan dalam pasar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya karena jumlah perusahan sangat banyak dan relatif kecil jika dibandingkan dengan jumlah produksi dalam industri tersebut. Menyebabkan kenaikan atau penurunan harga, sedikitpun tidak mempengaruhi harga yang berlaku dalam pasar tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembeli mempunyai pengetahuan yang sempurna tentang keadaan di pasar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya bahwa pembeli mengetahui tingkat harga yang berlaku dan perubahan-perubahan ke atas harga tersebut. Sehingga produsen tidak dapat menjual barangnya dengan harga yang lain lebih tinggi dan pada yang berlaku di pasar.</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa kelemahan / keburukan persaingan sempurna yaitu :</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Persaingan sempurna tidak mendorong inovasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Persaingan sempurna adakalanya menimbulkan biaya sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membatasi pilihan konsumen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biaya produksi dalam persaingan sempurna mungkin lebih tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Distribusi pendapatan tidak selalu merata</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PERMINTAAN DAN HASIL JUALAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam menganalisis usaha sesuatu perusahaan untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan, dua hal harus diperhatikan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan perusahaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hasil penjualan dari barang yang dihasilkan perusahaan itu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan adalah bersamaan, walau dalam struktur pasar manapun ia digolongkan. Sesuatu perusahaan itu berada dalam pasar persaingan sempurna, atau monopoli, atau oligopoli, atau persaingan monopolistis. Sifat dan hasil penjualan adalah berbeda di antara pasar persaingan sempurna dengan struktur pasar lainnya. Perbedaan ini disebabkan karena ditinjau dari sudut seorang produsen, bentuk permintaan yang dihadapi oleh seorang produsen di pasar persaingan sempurna berbeda sifatnya dengan yang dihadapi seorang produsen di pasar lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PERMINTAAN PASAR DAN PERUSAHAAN</span></b><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap perusahaan adalah pengambil harga<i>, </i>yaitu sesuatu perusahaan tidak mempunyai kekuasaan untuk menentukan harga. Interaksi seluruh produsen dan seluruh pembeli di pasar yang akan menentukan harga pasar, dan seorang produsen hanya "menerima" saja harga yang sudah ditentukan tersebut. Ini berarti berapa banyakpun barang yang diproduksikan dan dijual oleh produsen, ia adak akan dapat mengubah harga yang ditentukan di pasar, karena jumlah yang diproduksikan itu hanya sebagian kecil saja dari jumlah yang diperjual belikan di pasar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="SV"></span></span></b></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">STRUKTUR PASAR PERSAINGAN MONOPOLI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktur pasar persaingan monopoli dapat didefinisikan sebagai struktur pasar atau industri dimana terdapat hanya seorang penjual saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">CIRI-CIRI PASAR MONOPOLI</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasar monopoli adalah industri satu perusahaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya bahwa barang-barang atau jasa yang dihasilkan tidak dapat dibeli dari tempat lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Para pembeli tidak punya pilihan lain, kalau mereka menginginkan barang tersebut, maka mereka harus membeli dari perusahaan tersebut, maka mereka harus membeli dari perusahaan tersebut. Para pembeli tidak dapat berbuat suatu apapun di dalam menentukan syrata jual beli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak mempunyai barang pengganti yang “mirip”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya barang yang dihasilkan perusahaan tidak dapat digantikan oleh barang lain yang ada dalam perekonomian, begitu pula dengan kegunaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menguasai penentuan harga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya karena perusahaan monopoli merupakan satu-satunya penjual didalam pasar, maka penentuan harga dapat dikuasai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mempromosikan penjualan secara iklan kurang diperlukan artinya karena perusahaan monopoli merupakan satu-satunya perusahaan di dalam industri, ia tidak perlu melakukan promosi penjualan secara iklan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PENETAPAN HARGA PASAR MONOPOLI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Monopoli bisa terjadi karena perusahaan–perusahaan lain menganggap tidak menguntungkan untuk masuk pasar, atau memang terhalang (dihalang– halangi) masuk pasar. Halangan masuk pasar disebut dengan istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Barriers to Entery</u></i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Halangan masuk pasar dibedakan atas dua jenis, yaitu :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alasan teknis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">technical barriers to entery</i>)</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ditinjau dari segi teknis, memang ada perusahaan yang bersifat memasuki suatu pasar tetapi terhambat secara teknis. Biasanya produksi untuk barang yang bersangkutan mencirikan biaya marjinal yang semakin menurun, dan level output yang memberikan biaya minimum sangat besar sekali. Debgan demikian teknologi produksi yang efisien adalah yang berskala besar saja, sedang yang beroperasi dengan skala kecil sangat tidak efektif. Modal yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan jenis produksi ini biasanya sangat besar.</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Karena alasan hukum atau undang – undang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legal barriers to entery</i>)</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebanyakan monopoli murni tercipta karena alasan hukum atau undang – undang, bukan karena alasan teknis atau ekonomis. Banyak monopoli yang diizinkan (dilindungi) dengan paten.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Menciptakan Halangan Masuk Pasar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara umum halangan masuk pasar bisa dibedakan antara halangan yang bersifat eksternal dan internal. Ada pula contoh di atas yaitu halangan teknis dan hukum termasuk halangan yang sifatnya eksternal. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dan ada pula halangan yang diciptakan pemonopoli itu sendiri, misalnya dengan menciptakan produk – produk atau teknik – teknik yang rumit dan menyusahkan. Teknik ini tidak sampai bocor pada perusahaan pesaing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Laba Monopoli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Laba ini selalu positif sepanjang harga pasar lebih besar dari biaya total rata – rata (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">average total cost, ATC</i>). Karena dalam pasar monopoli tidak ada perusahaan yang keluar atau masuk pasar, maka laba monopoli ini bisa diperoleh tidak hanya dalam jangka pendek, tapi juga dalam jangka panjang. Laba monopoli yang diterima dalam jangka panjang ini oleh beberapa pakar ekonomi disebut juga dengan sewa monopoli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">monopoly rents</i>). Yaitu jumlah pengembalian terhadap faktor yang memungkinkan adanya monopoli tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Posisi Keseimbangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karena produsen monopoli adalah satu-satunya produsen di pasar, maka kurve permintaannya juga kurve permintaan pasar. Kurve permintaan pasar turun dari kiri atas ke kanan bawah berarti produsen bisa mempengaruhi harga pasar dengan jalan menaik-turunkan produksinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perbedaan monopoli dibanding persaingan sempurna antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bisa menentukan outputnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bisa menentukan harga jual</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ekuilibrium perusahaan = ekuilibrium pasar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keuntungan maksimum tercapai bila MC = MR, dimana keuntungannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebesar OQ* X P*C.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R7Z_fyLY9yw/TrGhhhF81vI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/KPt3-llWjHA/s1600/Keuntungan+Maksimum+pada++Monopoli.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R7Z_fyLY9yw/TrGhhhF81vI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/KPt3-llWjHA/s320/Keuntungan+Maksimum+pada++Monopoli.png" width="320" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 10.1. Keuntungan Maksimum pada Monopoli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam pasar persaingan sempurna kita bisa berbicara tentang kurva penawaran pasar, akan tetapi dalam pasar monopoli hal ini tidak relevan didiskusikan. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa? Karena dalam pasar monopoli hanya ada satu perusahaan saja dalam pasar. Dan kurva penawaran pasar monopoli hanya merupakan sebuah titik. Pada saat mana MR = MC. Jika kurva permintaan berubah, maka kurva MR otomatis berubah, dan kurva penawaran pasar. Yaitu output yang memberikan laba maksimum (saat MR = MC), yang merupakan suatu titik, diketahui bagaimanapun, menghubungkan titik keseimbangan pada kurva–kurva permintaan tidak memberikan pengertian apa–apa secara ekonomi. Dengan ringkas, perusahaan monopoli mempunyai kurva penawaran yang tidak jelas pembatasannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Batas – Batas Diskriminasi Harga</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan dipisah–pisahkannya pasar dan dilakukannya praktek diskriminasi harga, maka barang – barang yang sejenis dapat dengan harga yang berbeda. Hal ini hanya bisa terjadi jika para pembeli terhalang, atau dihalang – halangi untuk pindah dari pasar yang mahal harganya ke pasar yang murah harganya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.95pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Monopoli dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat</span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keuntungan monopoli ada kemungkinan tetap bisa dinikmati produsen monopoli dalam jangka panjang. Keuntungan monopoli biasanya lebih dari normal, sehingga menimbulkan ketidak adilan, karena berbeda dengan keuntungan perusahaan lain. Bila ada monopoli yang hanya menerima keuntungan normal berarti tidak ada kasus ketidakadilan, tetapi hal ini biasanya hanya kebetulan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Volume produksi lebih kecil dari volume output yang optimum. Berarti monopoli tidak efisien dan bagi masayarakat ada pemborosan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ada unsur eksploitasi terhadap :</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">konsumen, dengan ditetapkannya harga jual (=P) diatas ongkos produksi dari unit terakhir outputnya (=MC)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pemilik faktor-faktor produksi yang digunakan (buruh diupah lebih rendah dari pada sumbangannya dalam bentuk output).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara mengatasi Efek Negatif Monopoli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mencegah timbulnya monopoli itu sendiri dengan UU </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemerintah mendirikan perusahaan tandingan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membuka "kran impor"</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membuat ketentuan khusus terhadap operasi perusahaan monopoli sehingga P = MC'</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Kasus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Decreasing Cost</i></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kasus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">decreasing cost</i> yaitu kasus dimana luas pasar terbatas sehingga untuk memenuhi permintaan yang ada di pasar perusahaan monopoli hanya beroperasi pada bagian kurve dimana AC menurun (decreasing cost). Dari kasus ini bila produsen dibiarkan akan memilih memproduksi sebesar Q1 harga P1. Bila pemerintah menghendaki P = MC maka perusahaan rugi; untuk mengatasi ini maka :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengubah peraturan tersebut dan mewajibkan perusahaan beroperasi pada P = AC (Posisi L), atau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tetap mewajibkan perusahaan untuk beroperasi pada P = MC (posisi B) tetapi harus mensubsidi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Monopoli Tidak Selalu Buruk</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sejarah menunjukkan justru perusahaan monopolilah yang menunjukkan suatu dinamika untuk berkembang lebih besar karena keuntungan monopoli bisa digunakan untuk tujuan-tujuan penelitian dan pengembangan yang kemudian diikuti dengan inovasi-inovasi dalam tehnologi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam kasus decreasing cost dimana luas pasar terbatas, dan faktor "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">economics of scale</i>" besar, tidaklah mungkin diharapkan adanya suatu bentuk industri persaingan sempurna yang efisien. Kalau bentuk pasar persaingan sempurna yang dijalankan berarti akan ada perusahaan-perusahaan gurem yang bekerjanya pada AC yang jauh dari posisi minimumnya.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">STRUKTUR PASAR PERSAINGAN MONOPOLISTIK </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada dasarnya adalah pasar yang berada di antara dua jenis pasar yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme</i> atau dapat didefinisikan : Persaingan monopolistis terdapat bila dalam suatu pasar ada banyak produsen, tetapi ada unsur-unsur deferensiasi produk (perbedaan merek, bungkus, dsb) diantara produk-produk yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing produsen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">CIRI-CIRI PASAR MONOPOLISTIS</span></b><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat banyak perusahaan di dalam pasar maka pasar persaingan monopolistis mempunyai ukuran yang relatif sama, keadaan ini menyebabkan produksi sesuatu perusahaan adalah sedikit kalau dibandingkan dengan keseluruhan produksi perusahaan-perusahaan dalam pasar tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang produksinya bersifat berbeda corak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Produksi perusahaan-perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan monopolis berbeda coraknya, sehingga secara fisik mudah dibedakan di antara produksi sesuatu perusahaan dengan produksi perusahaan lainnya. Perbedaan di sini antara lain bentuk fisik barang, pembungkusannya, bentuk jasa perusahaan setelah penjualan dan perbedaan dalam cara membayar barang yang dibeli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perusahaan mempunyai sedikit kekuatan dalam menentukan dan mempengaruhi harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perusahaan dalam pasar persaingan monopolistis dapat mempengaruhi harga, dan ini bersumber dari sifat produksi yang dihasilkannya, yaitu yang bersifat berbeda corak. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan para pembeli bersifat memilih, yaitu lebih menyukai produksi sesuatu perusahaan menaikkan harga barangnya, ia masih dapat menarik pembeli walaupun jumlah pembelinya tidak sebanyak seperti sebelum kenaikan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemasukan kedalam industri relatif mudah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perusahaan yang akan masuk dan menjalankan usaha di dalam pasar persaingan monopolistis tidak akan banyak mengalami kesukaran, hambatan yang dihadapi tidaklah seberat seperti di dalam oligopoli dan monopoli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Keseimbangan Monopolistis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kurve permintaan menurun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Posisi keseimbangan bila MR = MC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Karena bebas memperoleh keuntungan, maka dalam jangka panjang kurve permintaaqn D bersinggung dengan kurve <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Average Cost</i> (AC).</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo29; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Equilibrium perusahaan dalam jangka pendek dengan keuntungan lebih (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">excess profit</i>)</span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo29; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Equilibrium dalam jangka panjang. Karena masuknya perusahaan-perusahaan baru : (a) Kurve permintaan perusahaan menurun dari D ke D' dan (b) Kurve AC dan MC menaik ke AC' dan MC'</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Monopolisitis dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketidak efisienan produksi karena produsen tidak beroperasi pada AC minimum. Yang berarti pemborosan sumber ekonomi masyarakat.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Konsumen membayar harga produk > MC untuk menghasilkan produk tersebut; sebaliknya input dibayar MC </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara mengatasi efek negatif tersebut al:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengurangi jumlah produsen sehingga kurve permintaan bergeser ke atas dari D ke D', yaitu pada posisi kurve permintaan tersebut memotong AC pada titik minimumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memerintahkan produsen beerproduksi Q* pada saat MC = AC = D' = P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alternatif pemecahan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui peraturan pemerintah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memberi subsidi.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">STRUKTUR PASAR PERSAINGAN OLIGOPOLI </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 175.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pasar Oligopoli</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> adalah suatu pasar dimana terdapat beberapa produsen yang menghasilkan barang-barang yang saling bersaingan. Ini merupakan sifat utama dari pasar oligopoli.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Oligopoli, yaitu keadaan dimana hanya ada beberapa (misal: antara 2 - 10) perusahaan yang menguasai pasar baik secara independen (sendiri-sendiri) maupun secara diam-diam bekerjasama.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">CIRI-CIRI PASAR OLIGOPOLI</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jumlah perusahaan sangat sedikit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasar oligopoli hanya terdiri dari kelompok kecil perusahaan. Biasanya struktur dari perusahaan oligopoli adalah terdapat beberapa perusahaan raksasa yang mengusai sebagian besar pasar oligopoli dan disamping itu terdapat pula beberapa perusahaan kecil. Pasar oligopoli di sini mempunyai sifat yang khusus yaitu saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang yang diproduksikan adalah barang “standart” atau barang berbeda corak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam pasar oligopoli di sini menghasilkan barang standart pasar yang bersifat seperti dijumpai dalam industri penghasil bahan mentah seperti industri baja dan aluminium / industri bahan baku seperti industri semn dan bahan bangunan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kekuatan menentukan harga adakalanya lemah dan ada kalanya sangat tangguh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekuatan menentukan harga menjadi lebih terbatas, bila suatu perusahaan menurunkan harga, dalam waktu singkat akan menarik pembeli. Tetapi bila perusahaan dalam pasar oligopoli bekerja sama dalam menentukan harga, maka harga dapat distabilkan pada tingkat yang mereka kehendaki.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hambatan untuk masuk ke industri cukup tangguh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat hambtaan yang cukup kuat yang menghalangi perusahaan yang baru untuk memasuki pasar oligopoli antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt left 58.5pt list 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hak paten</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt left 58.5pt list 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Modal yang terlalu besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt left 58.5pt list 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perusahaan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt left 58.5pt list 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada umumnya perusahaan oligopoli perlu promosi secara iklan. Iklan secara terus menerus sangat diperlukan oleh perusahaan oligopoli yang menghasilkan barang yang berbeda corak. Kegiatan promosi secara iklan yang sangat aktif tersebut adalah untuk dua (2) tujuan antara lain : menarik pembeli baru dan mempertahankan pembeli lama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam Oligopoli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level7 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Oligopoli dengan diferensiasi produk</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.9pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap perusahaan dengan merek-merek khusus tersendiri. Semakin besar tingkat diferensiasi produk yang ada semakin tidak tergantung kurva permintaannya dengan perusahaan lain, sehingga kurve permintaan perusahaan bisa digambarkan secara mandiri posisinya (antara D1 dan D2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level7 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Oligopoli </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">tanpa deferensiasi produk</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.9pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap perusahaan tidak memberi merek khusus. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan demikian kurve permintaan seorang produsen tidak bisa ditentukan / tidak bisa dianalisa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Output dan Harga dalam Oligopoli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam kasus deferensiasi yang cukup kuat, produsen akan berhati-hati dan menganggap kurve permintaan paling rendah (D1), sehingga ia bisa menentukan posisi optimum pada tingkat output Q* dan harga P*</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kurve permintaan perusahaan dimisalkan berapa persen (%) tertentu (misal 30%) dari kurve permintaan pasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kasus Kinked Demand (kurve permintaan yang patah). Asumsi yang digunakan bila produsen menurunkan harga akan diikuti produsen lain, bila harga dinaikkan tidak diikuti perusahaan lain. Hal ini berarti perilaku produsen dipengaruhi produsen lain, yang menimbulkan implikasi sbb:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tendensi bagi para produsen oligopoli untuk bekerjasama di bidang penentuan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tendesi bagi para produsen untuk bersaing tidak dalam bentuk persaingan harga, tetapi dalam bentuk persaingan lain (misal mutu).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Oligopoli dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat</span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Efek negatif oligopoli al:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemungkinan adanya keuntungan yang terlalu besar (excess profit) yang dinikmati oleh para produsen oligopoli dalam jangka panjang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemungkinan adanya ketidak efisienan produksi karena setiap produsen tidak beroperasi pada AC minimum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemungkinan adanya "eksploitasi" terhadap konsumen maupun buruh (karena P > MC); seperti kasus monopoli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketegaran harga (terutama ke bawah) sering dikatakan menunjang adanya inflasi yang kronis; dan ini merugikan masyarakat secara makro.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebaikan Oligopoli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karena keuntungan yang besar maka dapat menciptakan inovasi yang sangat berguna, bahkan lebih baik dari monopoli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara mengatasi efek negatif dari pemerintah al :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menekan hambatan perusahaan yang mau masuk </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diadakan UU melarang kerjasama antara perusahaan oligopoli baik secara diam-diam/terbuka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .25in 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merubah struktur pasar oligopolitis dengan menentukan batas maksimum dari ukuran suatu badan usaha dan melarang diadakannya penggabungan (merger) antara perusahaan yang ada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">RINGKASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penentuan keseimbangan di pasaran barang bergantung kepada struktur pasar dari barang yang diperjualbelikan. Struktur pasar barang dibedakan kepada empat bentuk : (1) pasar persaingan sempurna, (ii) monopoli, (iii) persaingan monopolistis, dan (iv) oligopoli. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasaran persaingan sempurna merupakan pasaran barang yang paling ideal karena mempunyai ciri-ciri yang memaksimumkan kesejahateraan masyarakat. Ciri-ciri utama persaingan sempuma adalah : pengambil harga, mudah ke luar masuk, menghasilkan barang serupa (identikal/homogenous), banyak perusahaan dan pembeli mempunyai pengetahuan yang sempurna mengenai pasar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dua faktor perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menentukan keseimbangan firma, yaitu : (i) biaya produksi dan (ii) keadaan permintaan di pasar. Untuk memahami hal yang dinyatakan daIam (ii) perlu ditentukan bentuk kurva permintaan dan kurva hasil penjualan marjinal. Firma dalam persaingan sempurna adalah "pengambil harga". Oleh sebab itu kurva permintaan berbentuk garis lurus yang horisontal dan kurva hasil penjualan marjinal bertindih dengan kurva permintaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keseimbangan firma-yaitu keadaan di mana perusahaan akan menentukan kuantitas produksi di mana keuntungan maksimum akan dicapai dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan dua pendekatan : (i) dengan menentukan keadaan di mana perbedaan di antara jumlah hasil penjualan dengan jumlah biaya (biaya total) mencapai maksimum, dan (ii) dengan menentukan tingkat produksi di mana biaya marjinal sarna dengan hasil penjualan marjinal. Cara dalam (ii) merupakan cara yang lebih banyak digunakan dalam analisis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keseimbangan firma dapat dibedakan kepada tiga keadaan, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Firma mendapat keuntungan lebih rasional, yaitu hasil penjualan melebihi jumlah biaya. Keuntungan ini akan menaikkan lebih banyak firma masuk ke pasaran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Firma mendapat kcuntungan normal, yaitu hasil pc:njualan sarna dengan jumlah biaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Firma mengalami kerugian tetapi masih dapat menutupi biaya berubah. Dalam keadaan ini operasi perusahaan masih dapat diteruskan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Firma menutup operasinya apabila jumlah hasil penjualan di bawah biaya berubah total</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan menggunakan keseimbangan firma pada bebagai tingkat harga dapat dibentuk kurva penawaran firma. Kurva penawaran tersebut adalah sama dengan kurva MC sejak kurva tersebut memotong titik terendah kurva AVC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam jangka panjang firma-firma dalam persaingan sempurna hanya akan memperoleh untung normal saja. Hal ini disebabkan karena firma-firma dapat dengan mudah masuk ke pasaran. Apabila terdapat keuntungan lebih normal, lebih banyak firma akan beroperasi di pasaran. Penawaran bertambah dan harga merosot. Pada akhirnya firma-firma hanya akan memperoleh untung normal. Sebaliknya, apabila firma mengalami kerugian, perusahaan akan ke luar dari pasaran. Maka harga meningkat dan firma yang tinggal pada akhirnya dapat menikmati untung yang normal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kurva penawaran jangka panjang firma-firma persaingan sempurna bergantung kepada perkembangan biaya produksi. Dalam jangka panjang kurva penawaran firma persaingan sempurna dapat dibedakan kepada tiga bentuk : (i) berbentuk horisontal, yaitu apabila biaya tidak mengalami perubahan, (ii) menaik ke atas, yaitu apabila biaya produksi semakin meningkat; dan (iii) menurun ke kanan, yaitu apabila biaya produksi semakin menurun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dibandingkan dengan struktur pasaran yang lain, pasaran persaingan scmpurna mempunyai beberapa kebaikan dan kelemahan. Kebaikannya ialah : (i) dapat memaksimumkan efisiensi, (ii) tingkat kebebasan bertindak dan memilih tinggi, dan (iii) dapat menciptakan distribusi pendapatan yang lebih baik. Sedangkan kelemahannya adalah : tidak menggalakkan inovasi, adakalanya menimbulkan biaya sosial, pilihan konsumen terbatas, adakalanya biaya produksi lebih tinggi dan adakalanya distribusi pendapatan tidak seimbang.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CIRI-CIRI BERBAGAI PASAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 641px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.75pt;" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri Pasar</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 341.1pt;" width="455"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk Pasar</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Persaingan Sempurna</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Persaingan Monopolistis</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oligopoli</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Monopoli</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.75pt;" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.75pt;" valign="top" width="186"><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jumlah perusahaan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jenis produksi</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kekuatan menentukan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemungkinan masuk/keluar</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Persaingan di luar Harga</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh :</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat banyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">barang standar/ identical</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak ada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat mudah, tidak ada hambatan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak ada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kegiatan pertanian</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Barang berbeda corak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedikit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cukup mudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat besar terutama di bidang iklan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perusahaan pakaian, sepatu, perabot rumah tangga</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedikit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Barang standart atau berbeda corak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanpa kerja sama sedikit, dengan kerja sama sangat besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hambatan cukup tanggung/ kuat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat besar apabila menghasilkan barang berbeda corak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perusahaan baju, mobil, alat-alat listrik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Satu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unik, tidaka da penggantinya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak mungkin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Iklan terutama bertujuan untuk memelihara hubungan baik dengan masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kereta api, telpon, dan pos dan perusahaan utility</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span> </h2>sumber :<br />
<h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://ekonomikro.blogspot.com/2011/09/rangkuman-pengantar-ekonomi-mikro-prof.html</span></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">sonilaksono.yolasite.com/.../...</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">myzakian.com</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro</span></cite></h2><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2789893746317428839</span></h2><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.ghttp://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.gif</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://gozaligunadarma.blogspot.com/2011/04/kurva-permintaan-dan-penawaran.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://arumtiasnugraheni.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/index.php?display=view&ack=1&list=2&mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&id=50&uniq=all</span></div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-1729794219128282702011-11-02T12:21:00.000-07:002011-11-02T12:25:34.133-07:00Ekonomi Mikro 2<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekonomi Mikro</span></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Bagian 2</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iKx6vovWSVM/TrGSdk11tQI/AAAAAAAAAI0/DY2oV77pvMw/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iKx6vovWSVM/TrGSdk11tQI/AAAAAAAAAI0/DY2oV77pvMw/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">EFISIENSI PASAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Surplus konsumen dan surplus produsen adalah perangkat dasar yang digunakan para ekonom untuk mengukur kesejahteraan ekonomis para penjual dan pembeli di sebuah pasar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengatur Ekonomi yang Bijak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mengevaluasi hasil-hasil pasar, kita umpamakan seorang pejabat pemerintah yang serba bisa. Ia adalah seorang diktaktor yang serba tahu, sangat berkuasa, dan juga memiliki niat baik dalam mengatur perekonomian. Ia ingin memaksimalkan kesejahteraan ekonomi bagi segenap warga masyarakatnya. Apakah ia akan membiarkan para penjual dan pembeli berusaha sendiri mencapai kondisi ekuilibrium secara alamiah? Atau, haruskah ia melakukan sesuatu untuk mempengaruhi pasar?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawabannya, si pejabat pertama-tama harus mengetahui cara pengukuran kesejahteraan ekonomis bagi masyarakatnya. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan menghitung surplus produsen dan surplus konsumen yang disebut dengan </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">surplus total (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total surplus</i>). Jika kita rumuskan, maka total surplus adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Total surplus = surplus konsumen + surplus produsen</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> = (nilai barang bagi pembeli – jumlah yang dibayar pembeli) +</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (jumlah yang diterima penjual – biaya produksi yang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> dikeluarkan)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah yang dibayarkan pembeli sesungguhnya sama dengan jumlah yang diterima penjual, sehingga rumus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total surplus</i> dapat disederhanakan menjadi :</span></div><h3 style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Total surplus = nilai barang bagi pembeli – biaya produksi</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika suatu alokasi sumber daya dapat memaksimalkan surplus total, maka alokasi itu dikatakan mempunyai efisiensi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">efficiency</i>). Selain efisiensi, pejabat pemerintah yang berkuasa itu juga harus memperhatikan kesemarataan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">equality</i>), yakni aspek keadilan atau pemerataan distribusi kesejahteraan diantara segenap pembeli dan penjual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada beberapa pokok yang dibuahkan oleh mekanisme pasar bebas, sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasar bebas mengalokasikan penawaran barang kepada pembeli yang memberikan penilaian tertinggi atas barang itu, yang dapat diukur berdasarkan kesediaan membelinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasar bebas mengalokasikan permintaan atas suatu barang kepada para penjual yang mampu memproduksinya dengan biaya yang paling rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasar bebas memproduksi suatu barang dalam kuantitas tertentu yang dapat memaksimalkan seluruh surplus produsen dan surplus konsumen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan tiga kesimpulan tentang hasil-hasil pasar di atas, maka jelaslah bagi kita bahwa ekuilibrium pasar memaksimalkan seluruh surplus produsen dan surplus konsumen. Dengan kata lain, kondisi ekuilibrium itu identik denga alokasi sumber daya yang efisien. Karenanya, tugas si pejabat tadi sebenarnya sangat mudah, ia cukup membiarkan pasar bekerja sebagaimana adanya, dan ia tidak perlu berbuat apa-apa lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Kesimpulan : Efisiensi Pasar dan Kegagalan Pasar</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertama-tama kita berpegang bahwa pasar bebas itu bersifat kompetitif sempurna. Padahal dalam kenyataan sehari-hari, kompetisi/persaingan yang berlangsung di pasar sering jauh sekali dari sempurna. Kemampuan suatu pihak dalam menentukan harga secara sepihak inilah yang disebut sebagai kuasa pasar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">market power</i>). Keberadaan kuasa pasar mengakibatkan sebuah pasar menjadi tidak efisien karena hal itu menjauhkan harga dan kuantitas ideal dari ekuilibrium penawaran dan permintaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asumsi kedua yang kita gunakan sebagai dasar analisis kita adalah bahwa hasil-hasil pasar hanya berkaitan denga kepentingan pembeli dan penjual. Padahal dalam kenyataannya, keputusan-keputusan para pembeli dan penjual tidak hanya mempengaruhi mereka saja, namun juga mempengaruhi orang-orang yang sama sekali tidak terlibat dalam interaksi pasar, contohnya adalah polusi. Dampak sampingan ini disebut sebagai “eksternalitas” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">externality</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keberadaan kuasa pasar dan eksternalitas merupakan dua bentuk menonjol dari apa yang disebut sebagai “kegagalan pasar” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">market failure</i>), yakni ketidak mampuan sebagian pasar bebas sehingga tidak dapat mengalokasikan sumber-sumber daya secara efisien.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Aplikasi : Biaya Perpajakan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sepintas lalu, dampak pengenaan pajak terhadap kesejahteraan pihak yang dikenai pajak sudah nampak jelas. Begitu pajak diberlakukan, maka kesejahteraan para penjual dan pembeli mengalami penurunan. Pajak memperbesar harga yang harus dibayar pembeli, sekaligus menurunkan pendapatan yang seharusnya diterima oleh para penjual. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Namun untuk memahami sepenuhnya dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh pengenaan pajak terhadap kesejahteraan ekonomi para pelaku pasar, kita harus membandingkan besarnya penurunan kesejahteraan penjual dan pembeli itu dengan jumlah yang diterima pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Beban Baku Perpajakan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika pajak dibebankan terhadap para pembeli, kurva permintaan akan bergeser kebawah sebesar pajak tersebut. Sedangkan jika pajak itu dibebankan pada para penjual, maka hal tersebut akan menggeser kurva penawaran ke atas sebesar pajak itu. Dalam kedua kasus ini, pengenaan pajak itu sama-sama menaikkan harga yang harus dibayar pembeli, sedangkan pendapatan yang diterima produsen dari penjualan produknya menjadi berkurang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya, pengenaan pajak itu selalu akan mengurangi surplus total bagi pembeli dan penjual. Itulah yang disebut dengan “beban baku” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deadweight loss</i>) pajak. Akibat dari adanya beban pajak ini, kuantitas barang yang terjual akan turun, lebih rendah daripada tingkatannya seandainya beban pajak itu tidak ada. Dalam kalimat lain, pemberlakuan pajak terhadap suatu jenis barang akan mengakibatkan pasar barang tersebut menyusut. Namun dengan pajak inilah pemerintah membiayai berbagai program dan jasa pelayanan umum, mengadakan polisi untuk keamanan, pendidikan, dan menyediakan bantuan langsung kepada masyarakat miskin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Kesejahteraan Sebelum Pengenaan Pajak</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk melihat sejauh mana dampak-dampak pengenaan pajak terhadap kesejahteraan ekonomi, terlebih dahulu kita harus mengetahui situasi kesejahteraan masyarakat yang bersangkutan sebelum pemerintahannya memberlakukan pajak. Perhatikan tabel berikut, yang menunjukkan diagram penawaran dan permintaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tabel 5.3. Pengenaan Pajak Mempengaruhi Kesejahteraan Para Penjual dan Pembeli.</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 12.5pt; width: 548px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.35pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum Pajak</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesudah Pajak</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perubahan</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Surplus konsumen</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Surplus produsen</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendapatan pajak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Surplus total</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.35pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A + B + C</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D + E + F</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak ada</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A + B + C + D + E + F</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">F</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B + D</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A + B + D + F</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.35pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- (B + C)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- (D + E)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">+ (B + D)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- (C + E)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurva permintaan mencerminkan kesediaan membayar para pembeli, maka surplus konsumennya adalah bidang yang terletak diantara kurva permintaan dan garis harga atau A + B + C. Demikian pula, karena kurva penawaran mencerminkan biaya produksi yang harus ditanggung penjual, maka surplus produsennya adalah bidang yang terletak diantara kurva penawaran dan garis harga, atau D + E + F. Karena pajak belum dipungut, maka pendapatan pajaknya sama dengan nol. Surplus total adalah penjumlahan dari surplus produsen dan surplus konsumen, atau A + B + C + D + E + F.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Kesejahteraan Setelah Pengenaan Pajak</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah pemerintah mengenakan pajak, harga yang harus dibayar menjadi meningkat, sehingga surplus konsumen menyusut menjadi hanya A. Sedangkan harga atau pendapatan yang diterima penjual juga berkurang menjadi hanya F. Sehingga terciptalah pendapatan pajak bagi pemerintah sebesar B + D. Untuk mengetahui surplus total setelah pajak diterapkan, maka hasilnya : A + B + D + F.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Perubahan Kesejahteraan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kini kita dapat melihat dampak pengenaan pajak dengan membandingkan kondisi kesejahteraan sebelum dan sesudah pajak. Pajak mengakibatkan surplus konsumen turun senilai B + D, dan penyusutan surplus produsen sebesar D + E. Pendapatan pajak yang semula tidak ada tercipta sebesar B + D. Jelaslah bahwa pajak mengakibatkan kerugian bagi penjual dan pembeli, dan di sisi lain memberikan keuntungan bagi pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Beban Baku Pajak dan Keuntungan Perdagangan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk memperoleh gambaran tambahan mengapa pajak menimbulkan beban baku, simaklah contoh berikut ini. Joe bekerja sebagai pembersih rumah Jane dengan upah $100 per minggu. Biaya oportunitas atas waktu Joe adalah $80. Sedangkan nilai kebersihan rumah bagi Jane adalah $120. Dengan demikian, Jane dan Joe sama-sama memperoleh keuntungan $20, sedangkan surplus totalnya adalah $40.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian andaikan pemerintah menerapkan pajak sebesar $50 per minggu kepada para pembersih rumah. Upah maksimal yang mau dibayarkan Jane adalah $120, dan Joe sulit menerima upah itu karena setelah dipotong pajak ia hanya akan memperoleh $70, yang lebih rendah dari biaya oportunitasnya. Demikian pula sebaliknya, upah minimum yang diinginkan Joe adalah $130 (biaya oportunitas plus pajak), dan Jane tidak akan mau membayarnya karena melampaui nilai yang diberikannya untuk kebersihan rumahnya yang hanya $120. Kesepakatan pun takkan tercapai sehingga Joe kini harus menganggur sedangkan Jane harus rela hidup di rumah yang berantakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengenaan pajak itu mengakibatkan Joe dan Jane dirugikan $40 yang seharusnya menjadi surplus total mereka. Sedangkan di pihak lain pemrintah tidak memperoleh pendapatan apa-apa karena kesepakatan antara Joe dan Jane tidak terjadi. $40 itulah yang merupakan beban baku yang ditimbulkan oleh pajak, yang merugikan penjual dan pembeli di pasar. Dari analisis ini kita dapat menarik satu kesimpulan lagi mengenai pajak sebagai sumber beban baku : pajak mengakibatkan beban baku karena menghalangi penjual dan pembeli meraih keuntungan perdagangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pajak menimbulkan beban baku karena pajak mendorong perubahan perilaku para penjual dan pembeli sedemikian rupa hingga mengganggu efisiensi pasar. Penerapan pajak mengakibatkan kenaikan harga yang harus dibayar pembeli, sehingga mereka pun mengurangi konsumsi atau pembeliannya. Pajak itu sekaligus menurunkan pendapatan yang seharusnya diterima penjual, sehingga mereka mengurangi produksinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Beban Baku dan Pendapatan Pajak pada Berbagai Tingkat/Tarif Pajak</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tarif pajak dimana pun biasanya sering berubah-ubah. Para pembuat kebijakan di tingkat lokal, provinsi, negara bagian hingga tingkat federal atau nasional, seringkali tergoda untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tarif pajak demi memacu perekonomian sekaligus memperbesar pendapatan pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendapatan pajak (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tax revenue</i>) yang diterima pemerintah adalah hasil perkalian antara tarif pajak dengan jumlah penjualan. Jika tarif pajak masih saja dinaikkan, maka tidak akan ada pendapatan baru dari pajak, bahkan pendapatan yang ada akan turun, karena masyarakat akan terus menekan/mengurangi pembelian atau penjualannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI TINGKAH LAKU KONSUMEN DAN ANALISIS KURVA KEPUASAN SAMA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Secara historis, teori nilai guna (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">utility</i>) merupakan teori yang lebih dahulu dikembangkan untuk menerangkan kelakuan individu dalam memilih barang-barang yang akan dibeli dan dikonsumsinya. Kelemahan penting dari teori nilai guna, yaitu menyatakan kepuasan dalam angka-angka adalah kurang tepat, karena kepuasan adalah sesuatu yang tidak mudah untuk diukur. Sir John R. Hicks telah mengembangkan suatu pendekatan untuk mewujudkan prinsip pemaksimuman kepuasan oleh seorang konsumen yang mempunyai pendapatan terbatas. Analisis yang dikembangkan adalah analisis kurva kepuasan sama, yang menggambarkan dua macam kurva, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kurva kepuasan sama</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">garis anggaran pengeluaran</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam mecontohkan adalah kombinasi barang yang mewujudkan kepuasan sama. Lihat tabel 6.1 yang menunjukkan gabungan dua barang dalam berbagai kombinasi yang memberikan kepuasan sama.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tabel 6.1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Gabungan Makanan dan Pakaian yang Memberi Kepuasan Sama</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext; border-left: white; border-right: white; border-style: solid; border-top: windowtext; border-width: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Gabungan Barang</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Makanan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pakaian</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tingkat Penggantian Marginal antara akanan dan pakaian</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3/1=3,0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2/1=2,0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1/1=1,0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1/2=0,5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1/3=0,3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 201.8pt;" valign="top" width="269"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan kepada gabungan-gabungan A, B, C, D, E dan F, bila digambarkan pada titik-titik yang menunjukkan gabungan tersebut akan dperoleh kurva kepuasan sama. Jadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kurva kepuasan sama adalah suatu kurva yang menggambarkan gabungan barang-barang yang akan memberikan kepuasan yang sama besarnya.</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4AdQwbOiI2k/TrGU5SXDN6I/AAAAAAAAAJM/geLqPyiK0AA/s1600/Kurva+Kepuasan+yang+sama.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4AdQwbOiI2k/TrGU5SXDN6I/AAAAAAAAAJM/geLqPyiK0AA/s320/Kurva+Kepuasan+yang+sama.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Gambar 6.1. Kurva Kepuasan Sama</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kurva kepuasan sama menggambarkan keinginan konsumen untuk memperoleh barang-barang dan kepuasan yang akan dinikmatinya dari mengkonsumsi barang-barang tersebut. Dalam kenyataannya, konsumen tidak dapat memperoleh semua barang yang diinginkannya, sebab dibatasi oleh pendapatan yang dapat dibelanjakannya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Bagaimana konsumen harus membelanjakan pendapatannya sehingga pengeluaran tersebut menciptakan kepuasan yang paling maksimum? Analisis yang digunakan dengan menggambarkan garis anggaran pengeluaran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">budget line</i>) yang menunjukkan berbagai gabungan barang-barang yang dapat dibeli oleh sejumlah pendapatan tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Tabel 6.2. Gabungan Makanan dan Pakaian yang dapat Dibeli Konsumen</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-bottom: windowtext; border-left: white; border-right: white; border-style: solid; border-top: windowtext; border-width: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Gabungan Barang</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Makanan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pakaian</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">15</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">9</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">6</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.8pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.8pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">10</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jeqnmp6gm-Q/TrGVmbnfgKI/AAAAAAAAAJU/izDq8w6-rjM/s1600/Kurva+Garis+Anggaran+Pengeluaran+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jeqnmp6gm-Q/TrGVmbnfgKI/AAAAAAAAAJU/izDq8w6-rjM/s320/Kurva+Garis+Anggaran+Pengeluaran+1.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Gambar 6.2. Garis Anggaran Pengeluaran</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh Soal :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila seseorang konsumen tertentu membeli durian dan mangga, nilai guna total dari memakan masing-masing buah tersebut adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam tabel di bawah ini :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.3pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Durian</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.3pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mangga</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UT</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UT</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">25</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">46</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">38</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">58</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">51</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">68</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">60</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">76</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">67</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">83</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">72</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tentukan nilai guna marginal dari memakan durian dan memakan mangga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Misalkan harga mangga dan durian masing-masing adalah Rp 500,00. berapakah durian dan mangga yang akan dibeli apabila ia mempunyai uang Rp 2.500,00? </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana pula kalau uang yang tersedia Rp 4.000,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila harga durian Rp 1.000,00 dan harga mangga Rp 500,00. berapakah durian dan berapa mangga yang akan dibeli sekiranya konsumen tersebut mempunyai uang Rp 5.000,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawaban :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nilai guna marginal dari memakan durian dan mangga adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="3" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mangga</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.6pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Durian</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UT</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UM</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UT</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UM</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">25</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">46</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">38</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">58</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">51</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">68</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">60</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">76</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">67</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">83</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.15pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">72</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.3pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bila uang yang tersedia Rp 2.500,00 dengan harga mangga dan harga durian sama yaitu Rp 500,00/butir, jumlah durian dan mangga yang dibeli :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">XHx + YHy = P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">500X + 500Y = 2.500</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 86px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="86" /></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y = 2.500 – 500X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 500</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y = 5 – X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Durian</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mangga</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guna Total</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">67</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 48px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 112px; z-index: 251667456;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">90</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">97</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">96</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">93</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">76</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan demikian konsumen akan memilih membeli durian 2 butir dan mangga 3 butir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(2 durian x Rp 500,00) + (3 mangga x Rp 500,00) = Rp 2.500,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apabila uang yang tersedia Rp 4.000,00 komposisi yang dibeli konsumen adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">XHx + YHy = P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">500X + 500Y = 4.000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 86px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="86" /></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y = 4.000 – 500X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 500</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y = 8 – X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Durian</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mangga</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guna Total</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">118</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">125</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">128</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 52px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 112px; z-index: 251670528;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">127</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">152</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(6 durian x Rp 500,00) + (2 mangga x Rp 500,00) = Rp 4.000,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bila uang yang tersedia sebesar Rp 5.000,00 tetapi harga durian menjadi Rp 1.000,00/butir dan harga mangga tetap, jumlah durian dan mangga yang dibeli :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">XHx + YHy = P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.000 X + 500Y = 5.000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 86px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="86" /></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y = 5.000 – 1.000X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 500</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y = 10 – 2X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Durian</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mangga</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guna Total</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">118</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">118</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">106</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">76</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada dua kemungkinan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(2 durian x Rp 1.000,00) + (6 mangga x Rp 500,00) = Rp 5.000,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(3 durian x Rp 1.000,00) + (4 mangga x Rp 500,00) = Rp 5.000,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI </span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PRODUKSI DAN KEGIATAN PERUSAHAAN </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">BENTUK-BENTUK PERUSAHAAN</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PERUSAHAAN PERORANGAN</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dimiliki, dikelola dan dipimpin oleh seseorang yang bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap semua resiko dan aktivitas perus ahaan. Tidak ada pemisahan modal antara kekayaan pribadi dan kekayaan perusahaan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebaikan :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemilik bebas mengambil keputusan</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seluruh keuntungan perusahaan menjadi hak pemilik perusahaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rahasia perusahaan terjamin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemilik lebih giat berusaha</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Keburukan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tanggungjawab pemilik tidak terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sumber keuangan perus ahaan terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelangsungan hidup perusahaan kurang terjamin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seluruh aktivitas manajemen dilakukan sendiri, sehingga pengelolaan manajemen menjadi kompleks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">FIRMA</span></b></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Persekutuan antara dua orang atau lebih dengan bersama untuk melaksanak an usaha, umumnya dibentuk oleh orang-orang yang memiliki Keahlian sama atau seprofesi dengan tanggungjawab masing-masing anggota tidak terbatas, laba ataupun kerugian akan ditanggung bersama.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebaikan :</span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemampuan manajemen lebih besar, karena ada pembagian kerja diantara para anggota</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendiriannya relatif mudah, baik dengan Akta atau tidak memerlukan Akta Pendirian </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kebutuhan modal lebih mudah terpenuhi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><b>Keburukan :</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tanggungjawab pemilik tidak terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kerugian yang disebabkan oleh seorang anggota, harus ditanggung bersama anggota lainnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelangsungan hidup perusahaan tidak menentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PERSEROAN KOMANDITER (CV)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk Badan Usaha CV adalah bentuk perusahaan kedua setelah PT yang paling banyak digunakan para pelaku bisnis untuk menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di Indonesia. Namun tidak semua bidang usaha dapat dijalankan Perseroan Komanditer (CV), hal ini mengingat adanya beberapa bidang usaha tertentu yang diatur secara khusus dan hanya dapat dilakukan oleh badan usaha Perseroan Terbatas (PT).</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="apple-style-span">Perseroan Komanditer adalah bentuk perjanjian kerjasama berusaha bersama antara 2 (dua) orang atau dengan AKTA OTENTIK sebagai AKTA PENDIRIAN yang dibuat dihadapan NOTARIS yang berwenang. Para pendiri perseroan komanditer terdiri dari PESERO AKTIF dan PERSERO PASIF yang membedakan adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span"><b>tanggungjawabnya dalam perseroan.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Persero Aktif yaitu orang yang aktif menjalankan dan mengelola perusahaan termasuk bertanggung jawab secara penuh atas kekayaan pribadinya. Persero Pasif yaitu orang yang hanya bertanggung jawab sebatas uang yang disetor saja kedalam perusahaan tanpa melibatkan harta dan kekayaan peribadinya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebaikan :</span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemampuan manajemen lebih besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses pendirianya relatif mudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Modal yang dikumpulkan bisa lebih besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mudah memperoleh kredit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><b>Keburukan :</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagian sekutu yang menjadi Persero Aktif memiliki tanggung tidak terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sulit menarik kembali modal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelangsungan hidup perusahaan tidak menentu</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PERSEROAN TERBATAS (PT)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Bentuk badan usaha PT adalah bentuk perusahaan yang paling populer dalam bisnis dan paling banyak digunakan oleh para pelaku bisnis di Indonesia dalam menjalankan kegiatan usaha diberbagai bidang. Selain memiliki landasan huk um yang jelas seperti yang diatur dalam Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang PERSEROAN TERBATAS bentuk PT ini juga dirasakan lebih menjaga keamanan para pemegang saham/pemilik modal dalam berusaha.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Sama halnya dengan CV pendirian PT juga dilakukan minimal oleh 2 (dua) orang atau lebih, karena sistem hukum di Indonesia menganggap dasar dari perseroan terbatas adalah suatu perjanjian maka pemegang saham dari perseroan terbatas pun minimal haruslah berjumlah 2 (dua) orang, dengan jumlah modal dasar minimum Rp. 50.000.000,-, sedangkan untuk bidang usaha tertentu jumlah modal dapat berbeda seperti yang ditentukan serta berlaku aturan khusus yang mengatur tentang bidang usaha tersebut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan Jenis Perseroan, maka Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dibagi menjadi :</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Non Fasilitas Umum atau PT. Biasa</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Fasilitas PMA</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Fasilitas PMDN</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Persero BUMN</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Perbankan</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Lembaga Keuangan Non Perbankan</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Usaha Khusus</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan penanaman modalnya jenis perseroan terbatas dibagi menjadi :</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Perseroan Terbatas dalam rangka rangka Penanaman Modal Asing (PT-PMA)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Perseroan Terbatas dalam rangka Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri (PT-PMDN)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Perseroan Terbatas yang modalnya dimiliki oleh Warga Negara Indonesia/Badan Hukum Indonesia (PT-SWASTA NASIONAL)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PT-Perseron BUMN,Perseroan Terbatas yang telah go public (PT-Go Public) yaitu perseroan yang sebagian modalnya telah dimiliki Publik dengan jalan membeli saham lewat pasar modal (Capital Market) melalui bursa-bursa saham</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Walaupun populer dalam kegiatan bisnis bentuk PT pun memiliki kebaikan dan keburukan antara lain :</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kebaikan :</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pemegang saham bertanggung jawab terbatas terhadap hutang-hutang perusahaan</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Mudah mendapatkan tambahan dana/modal misalnya dengan mengeluarkan saham baru</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kelangsungan hidup perusahaan lebih terjamin</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Terdapat efesiensi pengelolaan sumber dana dan efesiensi pimpinan, karena pimpinan dapat diganti sewak tu-waktu melalui Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kepengurusan perseroan memiliki tanggung jawab yang jelas kepada pemilik atau pemegang saham.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Diatur dengan jelas oleh undang-undang perseroan terbatas serta peraturan lain yang mengikat dan melindungi kegiatan perusahaan</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><b>Keburukan :</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Merupakan subjek pajak tersendiri dan deviden yang diterima pemegang saham akan dikenak an pajak</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kurang terjamin rahasia perusahaan, karena semua kegiatan harus dilaporkan kepada pemegang saham</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Proses pendiriannya membutuhkan waktu lebih lama dan biaya yang lebih besar dari CV</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Proses Pembubaran, Perubahan Anggaran Dasar, Penggabungan dan Pengambilalihan perseroan membutuhk an waktu dan biaya serta persetujuan dari Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERUSAHAAN DITINJAU DARI SUDUT TEORI EKONOMI</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam teori ekonomi, berbagai jenis perusahaan dipandang sebagai unit-unit badan usaha yang mempunyai tujuan sama yaitu : “mencapai keuntungan yang maksimum”.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Cara Memaksimumkan Keuntungan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keuntungan yang maksimum dicapai apabila perbedaan antara hasil penjualan dan biaya produksi mencapai tingkat yang paling besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Masalah pokok yang harus dipecahkan produsen adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komposisi faktor produksi yang bagaimana perlu digunakan untuk mencapai tingkat produksi yang tinggi. Sehingga perlu memperhatikan fungsi produksi, yaitu hubungan antara faktor-faktor produksi dan tingkat produksi yang diciptakannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komposisi faktor produksi yang bagaimana meminimumkan biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan untuk mencapai satu tingkat produksi tertentu. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Produsen perlu memperhatikan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Besarnya pembayaran kepada faktor produksi tambahan yang akan digunakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Besarnya pertambahan hasil penjualan yang diwujudkan oleh faktor produksi yang ditambah tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span> </div>sumber :<br />
<h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://ekonomikro.blogspot.com/2011/09/rangkuman-pengantar-ekonomi-mikro-prof.html</span></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">sonilaksono.yolasite.com/.../...</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">myzakian.com</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro</span></cite></h2><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2789893746317428839</span></h2><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.ghttp://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.gif</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://gozaligunadarma.blogspot.com/2011/04/kurva-permintaan-dan-penawaran.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://arumtiasnugraheni.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/index.php?display=view&ack=1&list=2&mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&id=50&uniq=all</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2789893746317428839.post-12092003604627962262011-10-30T13:20:00.000-07:002011-11-02T12:24:04.021-07:00Ekonomi Mikro 1<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ekonomi Mikro</span></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian 1</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7RFpfziJIYk/Tq2TVG_ruTI/AAAAAAAAAF8/Qahj1DZT1L4/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7RFpfziJIYk/Tq2TVG_ruTI/AAAAAAAAAF8/Qahj1DZT1L4/s1600/Mikro+ekonomi.jpg" /></a></div><h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Analisis dalam teori ekonomi mikro dibuat berdasarkan pemikiran bahwa :</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kebutuhan dan keinginan manusia adalah tidak terbatas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemampuan faktor-faktor produksi menghasilkan barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan masyarakat adalah terbatas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-frfpxcqVg50/Tq2TOFW2BeI/AAAAAAAAAF0/cULk9jSuNlI/s1600/217px-Supply-demand-right-shift-demand.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-frfpxcqVg50/Tq2TOFW2BeI/AAAAAAAAAF0/cULk9jSuNlI/s1600/217px-Supply-demand-right-shift-demand.svg.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Model permintaan dan penawaran menjelaskan bagaimana harga beragam sebagai hasil dari keseimbangan antara ketersediaan produk pada tiap harga (penawaran) dengan kebijakan distribusi dan keinginan dari mereka dengan kekuatan pembelian pada tiap harga (permintaan). Grafik ini memperlihatkan sebuah pergeseran ke kanan dalam permintaan dari D<sub>1</sub> ke D<sub>2</sub> bersama dengan peningkatan harga dan jumlah yang diperlukan untuk mencapai sebuah titik keseimbangan (equibilirium) dalam kurva penawaran (S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">).</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ilmu ekonomi mikro</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (sering juga ditulis <b>mikroekonomi</b>) adalah cabang dari ilmu ekonomi yang mempelajari perilaku konsumen dan perusahaan serta penentuan harga-harga pasar dan kuantitas faktor input, barang, dan jasa yang diperjualbelikan. Ekonomi mikro meneliti bagaimana berbagai keputusan dan perilaku tersebut memengaruhi penawaran dan permintaan atas barang dan jasa, yang akan menentukan harga; dan bagaimana harga, pada gilirannya, menentukan penawaran dan permintaan barang dan jasa selanjutnya.Individu yang melakukan kombinasi konsumsi atau produksi secara optimal, bersama-sama individu lainnya di pasar, akan membentuk suatu keseimbangan dalam skala makro; dengan asumsi bahwa semua hal lain tetap sama (<i>ceteris paribus</i>).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Kebalikan dari ekonomi mikro ialah ekonomi makro, yang membahas aktivitas ekonomi secara keseluruhan, terutama mengenai pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi, pengangguran, berbagai kebijakan perekonomian yang berhubungan, serta dampak atas beragam tindakan pemerintah (misalnya perubahan tingkat pajak) terhadap hal-hal tersebut.<sup>[</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PELAKU-PELAKU KEGIATAN EKONOMI</span></b></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Rumah Tangga</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Rumah tangga adalah pemilik berbagai faktor produksi yang tersedia dalam perekonomian, sektor ini menyediakan tenaga kerja dan tenaga usahawan, barang-barang model, kekayaan alam dan harta tetap lainnya.</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Perusahaan</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perusahaan adalah organisasi yang dikembangkan oleh seorang atau sekumpulan orang dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan berbagai jenis barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat. Kegiatan mereka dalam perekonomian ialah mengorganisasikan faktor-faktor produksi sedemikian rupa sehingga kebutuhan rumah tangga berupa barang dan jasa dapat diproduksi dengan sebaik-baiknya.</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Pemerintah</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemerintah adalah badan-badan pemerintah yang bertugas untuk mengatur kegiatan ekonomi, termasuk didalamnya adalah departemen pemerintah, badan yang mengatur penanaman modal, bank sentral, pemerintah daerah, angkatan bersenjata dan sebagainya.</span></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Masyarakat Luarnegeri</span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Masyarakat Luar negeri adalah pelaku ekonomi yang terdiri dari rumah tangga , perusahaan dan pemerintah dari Negara lain.</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum Permintaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interaksi antara pembeli dan penjual di pasar akan menentukan tingkat harga barang dan jumlah barang yang diperjual belikan di pasar. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Selanjutnya muncul teori permintaan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">demand</i>) dan teori penawaran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supply</i>), dimana teori permintaan menerangkan tenang sifat permintaan para pembeli terhadap suatu barang, sedangkan teori penawaran menerangkan sifat para penjual dalam menawarkan suatu barang yang akan dijualnya. Dengan menggabungkan permintaan oleh pembeli dan penawaran oleh penjual, maka dapat ditujukan bagaimana interaksi antara pembeli dan penjual dalam menentukan harga keseimbangan (harga pasar) dan jumlah barang yang akan diperjual belikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori penawaran dan permintaan biasanya mengasumsikan bahwa pasar merupakan pasar persaingan sempurna. Implikasinya ialah terdapat banyak pembeli dan penjual di dalam pasar, dan tidak satupun diantara mereka memiliki kapasitas untuk mempengaruhi harga barang dan jasa secara signifikan. Dalam berbagai transaksi di kehidupan nyata, asumsi ini ternyata gagal, karena beberapa individu (baik pembeli maupun penjual) memiliki kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi harga. Seringkali, dibutuhkan analisa yang lebih mendalam untuk memahami persamaan penawaran-permintaan terhadap suatu barang. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimanapun, teori ini bekerja dengan baik dalam situasi yang sederhana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI PERMINTAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Teori permintaan menerangkan tentang ciri hubungan antara jumlah permintaan dan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Faktor-faktor terpenting dalam penentuan permintaan antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harga barang itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harga barang lain yang berkaitan erat dengan barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendapatan rumah tangga dan pendapatan rata-rata masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cita rasa masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ramalan mengenai keadaan masa yang akan datang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam analisis ekonomi dianggap bahwa “permintaan suatu barang terutama dipengaruhi oleh tingkat harganya”. Oleh sebab itu dalam teori permintaan yang terutama dianalisis adalah hubungan antara jumlah permintaan suatu barang dengan harga barang tersebut. Analisis tersebut diasumsikan bahwa “faktor-faktor” lain tidak mengalami perubahan” atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ceteris paribus</i>. Dengan demikian, bila harga suatu barang meningkat, maka kuantitas (jumlah) barang yang diminta akan berkurang atau menurun, dengan asumsi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ceteris paribus</i> berlaku. Apabila dinyatakan dalam tabel, "permintaan" dapat dimisalkan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel 2.1. Perubahan Permintaan Barang</span></b></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: outset 1.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 41.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.0%;" width="40%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Harga</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 60.0%;" width="60%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Jumlah yang dibeli</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 104.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 104.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Rp. 200,00 <br />
Rp. 300,00 <br />
Rp. 400,00 <br />
Rp. 500,00 <br />
Rp. 600,00 <br />
Rp. 700,00 <br />
Rp. 800,00 </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="height: 104.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">100 unit<br />
90 unit<br />
80 unit<br />
70 unit<br />
60 unit<br />
50 unit<br />
40 unit</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apabila dinyatakan dalam bentuk grafis, tabel di atas dalam diagram sbb :</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7aJvaLhibEw/Tq2T3ezS6XI/AAAAAAAAAGE/_AuiX6teems/s1600/Kurva+permintaan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7aJvaLhibEw/Tq2T3ezS6XI/AAAAAAAAAGE/_AuiX6teems/s320/Kurva+permintaan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2.1. Kurva Permintaan</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apabila dinyatakan dalam bentuk matematis dapat ditulis :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Qd = f(H, Hs, Hk, Y, t)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dimana : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Qd = Jumlah barang yang diminta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H = Harga barang yang bersangkutan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hs = Harga barang substitusi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hk = Harga barang komplementer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Y = Pendapatan konsumen\</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">t = Selera (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taste</i>), biasanya faktor ini dihilangkan karena sulit untuk mengukurnya secara kuantitatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan tersebut dapat dibaca sbb : Jumlah barang tertentu yang diminta tergantung atas tingkat harga barang tersebut, harga barang lain yang bersifat substitusi, tingkat harga barang lain yang bersifat komplementer, pendapatan konsumen dan selera. Keunggulan pendekatan matematis dibanding dengan grafis yaitu tidak diharuskan pernyataan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ceteris paribus</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">HARGA DAN PERMINTAAN</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam hukum permintaan dijelaskan sifat hubungan antara permintaan suatu barang dengan tingkat harganya. Hukum permintaan pada hakekatnya adalah hipotesis yang menyatakan “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">makin rendah harga suatu barang, maka makin banyak permintaan terhadap barang tersebut dan sebaliknya makin tinggi harga suatu barang, maka makin sedikit permintaan terhadap barang tersebut</b>”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah permintaan dan tingkat harga memiliki hubungan seperti tersebut karena :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kenaikan harga menyebabkan para pembeli mencari barang lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti terhadap barang yang mengalami kenaikan harga. Sebaliknya, apabila harga turun, maka orang mengurangi pembelian terhadap barang lain yang sama jenisnya dan menambah pembelian terhadap barang yang mengalami penurunan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kenaikan harga menyebabkan pendapatan riil para pembeli berkurang, pendapatan yang merosot tersebut memaksa para pembeli untuk mengurangi pembelian terhadap berbagai jenis barang terutama barang yang mengalami kenaikan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PENGARUH FAKTOR BUKAN HARGA TERHADAP PERMINTAAN</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kenyataan banyaknya permintaan terhadap sesuatu barang juga ditentukan oleh banyak faktor lain. Oleh sebab itu dalam melakukan analisis mengenai teori permintaan, juga perlu melakukan analisis bagaimana faktor penting lainnya dapat mempengaruhi permintaan, antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harga Barang Lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Pengganti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Pelengkap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Netral.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendapatan Para Pembeli </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Inferior.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Esensial.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Normal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Barang Mewah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa faktor Lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Distribusi Pendapatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cita Rasa Masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jumlah Penduduk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ekspektasi Tentang Masa Depan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Hukum Penawaran </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI PENAWARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permintaan hanya akan terpengaruhi bila para penjual dapat menyediakan barang-barang yang diperlukan. Hal ini akan mempengaruhi tingkah laku penjual dalam menyediakan atau menawarkan barang-barang yang diperlukan masyarakat di pasar serta menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi dan penawaran barang yang akan dijual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor terpenting dalam penentuan penawaran antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harga barang itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harga barang-barang lain yang berkaitan erat dengan barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biaya produksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan-tujuan operasi perusahaan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat teknologi yang digunakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam analisis mengenai penawaran akan dilakukan analisis satu per satu faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran. Dengan memisalkan faktor-faktor lain dianggap tetap (<i>ceteris paribus</i>), maka analisis yang utama adalah “penawaran suatu barang terutama dipengaruhi oleh harga (ada hubungan tingkat harga dengan jumlah barang yang ditawarkan penjual)”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penawaran didefinisikan sebagai kuantitas barang yang ditawarkan di pasar pada berbagai tingkat harga. Hukum penawaran menyatakan : bila harga sesuatu barang meningkat, maka produsen akan berusaha meningkatkan jumlah barang yang dijualnya. Sebaliknya, jika harga turun, produsen cenderung akan mengurangi jumlah barang yang dijual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara tabel penawaran dapat dimisalkan sbb :</span></div><h2 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Tabel 3.1. Penawaran Barang</span></h2><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: outset 1.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 41.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.0%;" width="40%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Harga</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 60.0%;" width="60%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Jumlah yang dibeli</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 104.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 104.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Rp. 200,00 <br />
Rp. 300,00 <br />
Rp. 400,00 <br />
Rp. 500,00 <br />
Rp. 600,00 <br />
Rp. 700,00 <br />
Rp. 800,00 </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="height: 104.25pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">100 unit<br />
90 unit<br />
80 unit<br />
70 unit<br />
60 unit<br />
50 unit<br />
40 unit</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara grafis kurva penawaran dapat digambarkan sbb :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IC73XIjXojY/Tq2UL1qvPQI/AAAAAAAAAGM/8r65kzRxVoE/s1600/Kurva+Penawaran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IC73XIjXojY/Tq2UL1qvPQI/AAAAAAAAAGM/8r65kzRxVoE/s320/Kurva+Penawaran.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.1. Kurva Penawaran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara matematis, fungsi penawaran dapat ditulis sbb:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Qs = f(H<sub>1</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, B, t)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dimana : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Qs : jumlah barang yang ditawarkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H<sub>1</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: harga barang yang ditawarkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H<sub>2</sub> : harga barang lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B : budget (anggaran)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">t : tehnologi</span></div><h2><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></h2><h2><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">HARGA DAN PENAWARAN</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam hukum penawaran dijelaskan bahwa suatu pernyataan yang menjelaskan tentang sifat hubungan antara harga suatu barang dan jumlah barang tersebut yang ditawarkan para penjual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadi hukum penawaran pada hakekatnya adalah hipotesis yang menyatakan “makin tinggi harga suatu barang, maka semakin banyak jumlah barang tersebut akan ditawarkan oleh para penjual dan sebaliknya makin rendah harga suatu barang, maka semakin sedikit jumlah barang tersebut yang ditawarkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PENGARUH FAKTOR BUKAN HARGA TERHADAP PENAWARAN</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kenyataan banyaknya penawaran terhadap sesuatu barang juga ditentukan oleh banyak faktor lain. Oleh sebab itu dalam melakukan analisis mengenai teori penawaran, juga perlu melakukan analisis bagaimana faktor penting lainnya dapat mempengaruhi penawaran, antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harga Barang Lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apabila terjadi kenaikan harga pada barang lain, konsumen akan membeli barang yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan harga yang terjangkau, kenaikan permintaan ini akan mendorong produsen untuk menaikan produksi dan penawarannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biaya untuk Memperoleh Faktor Produksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kenaikan pengeluaran faktor produksi (biaya produksi) akan berakibat mengurangi keuntungan suatu perusahaan, sehinga mereka akan melakukan efisiensi atau pindah ke usaha lain. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tindakan ini dapat mengurangi penawaran dalam suatu kegiatan ekonomi tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan-Tujuan Perusahaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan-tujuan yang berbeda dari setiap perusahaan untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan, menimbulkan efek yang berbeda terhadap tingkat produksi. Dengan demikian penawaran sesuatu barang akan berbeda sifatnya bila terjadi perubahan dalam tujuan yag ingin dicapai perusahaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat Teknologi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kenaikan produksi dan perkembangan ekonomi yang sangat pesat dapat disebabkan oleh penggunaan teknologi yang semakin modern. Penggunaan teknologi dapat mengurangi biaya produksi, mempertinggi produktifitas, mempertinggi mutu barang dan menciptakan barang-barang yang baru, sehingga menimbulkan efek : produksi dapat ditambah dengan cepat dan biaya semakin murah. Jadi kemajuan teknologi dapat menimbulkan kenaikan penawaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PERUBAHAN PERMINTAAN ATAU PENAWARAN SECARA SENDIRI-SENDIRI</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Efek Pertambahan Permintaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perubahan menyebabkan keadaan keseimbangan berpindah, dimana kenaikan permintaan menyebabkan harga naik dan barang yang dijualbelikan bertambah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Efek Pertambahan Penawaran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perubahan menyebabkan keadaan keseimbangan berpindah, dimana kenaikan penawaran menyebabkan harga turun dan barang yang dijual belikan bertambah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Efek Pengurangan Permintaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perubahan menyebabkan keadaan keseimbangan berpindah, dimana pengurangan permintaan menyebabkan harga turun dan barang yang dijualbelikan berkurang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Efek Pengurangan Penawaran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perubahan menyebabkan keadaan keseimbangan berpindah, dimana pengurangan penawaran menyebabkan harga naik dan barang yang dijual belikan berkurang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PERUBAHAN PERMINTAAN ATAU PENAWARAN SECARA SERENTAK </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa kemungkinan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan mungkin berlaku ke arah yang sama, yaitu sama-sama mengalami kenaikan atau penurunan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan mungkin berlaku ke arah yang berlawanan, yaitu permintaan turun tetapi penawaran bertambah atau sebaliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila pertambahan permintaan sama dengan pertambahan penawaran, maka tingkat harga tidak berubah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila pertambahan permintaan kurang dari perambahan penawaran harga akan merosot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FTXxYZjtHCY/Tq2UzG3HaNI/AAAAAAAAAGU/yoEsB7FZxFA/s1600/circular+flow.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FTXxYZjtHCY/Tq2UzG3HaNI/AAAAAAAAAGU/yoEsB7FZxFA/s1600/circular+flow.gif" /></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.2. Siklus Permintaan dan Penawaran</span></b><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EmuHT7V18J4/Tq2kBTe9_OI/AAAAAAAAAH0/DzDJs5UB6SM/s1600/Pergeseran+Kurva+Permintaan.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EmuHT7V18J4/Tq2kBTe9_OI/AAAAAAAAAH0/DzDJs5UB6SM/s1600/Pergeseran+Kurva+Permintaan.JPG" /></a></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Pergeseran kurva permintaan</b></span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6h8FX178194/Tq2kKHdc5gI/AAAAAAAAAH8/YaDSYo7bFyM/s1600/Pergeseran+Kurva+Penawaran.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6h8FX178194/Tq2kKHdc5gI/AAAAAAAAAH8/YaDSYo7bFyM/s1600/Pergeseran+Kurva+Penawaran.JPG" /></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>pergeseran Kurva Penawaran </b><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span id="goog_169602120"></span><span id="goog_169602121"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori <b>penawaran dan permintaan</b> ( bahasa Inggris: <i>supply and demand</i>) dalam ilmu ekonomi, adalah penggambarkan atas hubungan-hubungan di pasar, antara para calon pembeli dan penjual dari suatu barang. <b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Model penawaran dan permintaan</b> digunakan untuk menentukan harga dan kuantitas yang terjual di pasar. Model ini sangat penting untuk melakukan analisa ekonimi mikro terhadap perilaku para pembeli dan penjual, serta interaksi mereka di pasar. Ia juga digunakan sebagai titik tolak bagi berbagai model dan teori ekonomi lainnya. Model ini memperkirakan bahwa dalam suatu pasar yang kompetitif, harga akan berfungsi sebagai penyeimbang antara kuantitas yang diminta oleh konsumen dan kuantitas yang ditawarkan oleh produsen, sehingga terciptalah keseimbangan ekonomi antara harga dan kuantitas. Model ini mengakomodasi kemungkian adanya faktor-faktor yang dapat mengubah keseimbangan, yang kemudian akan ditampilkan dalam bentuk terjadinya pergeseran dari permintaan atau penawaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Soal:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada harga Rp. 2.500 per buah sebuah perusahaan dapat menjual 3.000 buah genting kaca. Pada saat harganya meningkat menjadi Rp. 5.000 perbuah perusahaan mampu menyediakan genting kaca sebanyak 4000 buah. Buatlah grafik fungsi penawarannya!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P1= 2.500, Q1= 3000 dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P2= 5.000, Q2= 4000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Titik potong sumbu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P1 (2.500, 3.000) dan P2 (5.000, 4.000)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gradien <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> P2 – P1</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="69" /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">m=</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Q2 – Q1</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="95" /><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/AGUSSU%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="29" /> 5000 - 2500</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 4000 - 3000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> = 2,5 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DGFGOxTx8n4/Tq2pLqeuvKI/AAAAAAAAAIU/jqYlJxWSG9k/s1600/Kurva+Permintaan+soal.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DGFGOxTx8n4/Tq2pLqeuvKI/AAAAAAAAAIU/jqYlJxWSG9k/s400/Kurva+Permintaan+soal.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Keseimbangan Pasar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keseimbangan antara Permintaan dan Penawaran akan menghasilkan suatu tingkat harga tertentu yang stabil. Pada tingkat harga tersebut, kuantitas barang yang diminta sama dengan kuantitas barang yang ditawarkan. Sedangkan tingkat harga lainnya akana mengakibatkan disekuilibrium (ketidak seimbangan pasar), dan bersifat labil (mudah sekali berubah karena tariktarikan berbagai faktor).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4e8M-kjqjHk/Tq2VPFFrp2I/AAAAAAAAAGc/fuAb1bhMtTQ/s1600/Tabel+Equalibrium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4e8M-kjqjHk/Tq2VPFFrp2I/AAAAAAAAAGc/fuAb1bhMtTQ/s1600/Tabel+Equalibrium.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara grafis dapat digambarkan sbb :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MrX2srgU2G4/Tq2VcwIPY_I/AAAAAAAAAGk/U9Xj0XSsblI/s1600/Kurva+Equalibrium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MrX2srgU2G4/Tq2VcwIPY_I/AAAAAAAAAGk/U9Xj0XSsblI/s1600/Kurva+Equalibrium.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.3. Titik Keseimbangan (Ekuilibrium)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Hek < H, akan mengakibatkan Qs > Qd atau excess supply (kelebihan suplai barang), yang akan menekan harga ke bawah. Jika Hek > H, akan mengakibatkan Qs < Qd atau excess demand (kelebihan jumlah barang yang diminta), yang akan mendorong harga barang jadi menaik. Keadaan akan stabil pada saat Hek = H, karena Qs = Qd (jumlah barang yang ditawarkan produsen sama dengan jumlah barang yang dikehendaki konsumen pada harga tersebut).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cjSnNTk42WY/Tq2qQtFDTyI/AAAAAAAAAIc/9fthHR9TjAg/s1600/pergeseran-titik-keseimbangan-penawaran1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cjSnNTk42WY/Tq2qQtFDTyI/AAAAAAAAAIc/9fthHR9TjAg/s1600/pergeseran-titik-keseimbangan-penawaran1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GQLU33nMq3M/Tq2qaQmFv2I/AAAAAAAAAIk/gbnuRMfKMbM/s1600/kurva+harga-kesimbangan+krn+faktor+bertambahnya+penawaran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GQLU33nMq3M/Tq2qaQmFv2I/AAAAAAAAAIk/gbnuRMfKMbM/s320/kurva+harga-kesimbangan+krn+faktor+bertambahnya+penawaran.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Gambar Pergeseran Harga Keseimbangan Pasar</b></span></div><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumus Harga Keseimbangan Pasar</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><br />
</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A7apDsJ-al0/Tq2sHfLduSI/AAAAAAAAAIs/eFYN5mb_IZ4/s1600/rumus+soal+kesimbangan+pasar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="507" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A7apDsJ-al0/Tq2sHfLduSI/AAAAAAAAAIs/eFYN5mb_IZ4/s640/rumus+soal+kesimbangan+pasar.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ELASTISITAS PERMINTAAN DAN PENAWARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DERAJAT KEPEKAAN PERMINTAAN (ELASTISITAS PERMINTAAN)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Elastisitas permintaan menggambarkan derajat kepekaan fungsi permintaan terhadap perubahan yang terjadi pada variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam Elastisitas Permintaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Elastisitas Harga (barang sendiri) atau lengkapnya elastisitas harga dari permintaan atau elastisitas permintaan terhadap harga.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elastisitas Harga yaitu suatu konsep yang dimaksudkan untuk mengukur derajaat perubahan kuantitas barang yang dibeli sebagai akibat perubahan harga barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam Elastisitas Harga :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan rumus:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zVbQNnzF1Sg/Tq2W6sssYdI/AAAAAAAAAGs/B-CW_A3u13M/s1600/Rumus+Tabel+Elastisitas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zVbQNnzF1Sg/Tq2W6sssYdI/AAAAAAAAAGs/B-CW_A3u13M/s1600/Rumus+Tabel+Elastisitas.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e9w_rnVL5Ns/Tq2Xn-oa02I/AAAAAAAAAG0/H69WckqDjao/s1600/Elastisitas+soal+jawab+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e9w_rnVL5Ns/Tq2Xn-oa02I/AAAAAAAAAG0/H69WckqDjao/s1600/Elastisitas+soal+jawab+2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan rumus:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6nbzPdXhPow/Tq2YTqggA6I/AAAAAAAAAG8/IAOnEQMBxTE/s1600/Elastisitas+soal+jawab+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6nbzPdXhPow/Tq2YTqggA6I/AAAAAAAAAG8/IAOnEQMBxTE/s1600/Elastisitas+soal+jawab+3.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan rumus:</span></b> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Qi_crxATxaI/Tq2YvsnLeKI/AAAAAAAAAHE/uDrd1eTklrQ/s1600/Jawaban+Elastisitas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Qi_crxATxaI/Tq2YvsnLeKI/AAAAAAAAAHE/uDrd1eTklrQ/s1600/Jawaban+Elastisitas.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Elastisitas Titik (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Point Elasticity</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara matematis sbb :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dimana :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EHx : elastisitas (titik) harga dari permintaan barang X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">∆X : perubahan jumlah barang yang diminta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">∆Hx : perubahan harga barang X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">X : jumlah barang yang diminta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hx : Harga barang X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EHx < 1 : tak elastis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EHx = 1 : unitary</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EHx > 1 : elastis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Elastisitas busur (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">arc elasticity</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara matematis sbb :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dimana : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hx1 : harga barang semula</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hx2 : harga barang setelah berubah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 : jumlah barang semula</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 341.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">X2 : jumlah barang setelah berubah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara grafis sbb :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rlrm8i-UYeQ/Tq2byrYkf4I/AAAAAAAAAHM/ecjdPj9fvn0/s1600/Kurva+Permintaan+Elastisitas.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rlrm8i-UYeQ/Tq2byrYkf4I/AAAAAAAAAHM/ecjdPj9fvn0/s1600/Kurva+Permintaan+Elastisitas.JPG" /></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 4.1. Kurva Elastisitas Barang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Elastistas Harga Silang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elastisitas harga silang yaitu merupakan derajat kepekaan permintaan barang X </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">terhadap perubahan harga barang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 3.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara matematis sbb :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dimana : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hy : Harga barang lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">∆Hy : perubahan harga barang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada tiga macam hubungan antara barang X dengan barang lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1). EHx < 0 : hubungan komplementer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2). EHx > 0 : hubungan substitusi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3). EHx = 0 : hubungan netral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Elastisitas Pendapatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elastisitas pendapatan yaitu merupakan derajat kepekaan permintaan barang X terhadap perubahan pendapatan atau anggaran belanja konsumen. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara matematis elastisitas titik pendapatan sbb</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dimana : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">∆M : perubahan pendapatan konsumen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">M : Pendapat</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">an konsumen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedang elastisitas busur pendapatan sbb :</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bila Ep > 0 : barang normal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bila Ep < 0 : barang inferior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bila Ep < 1 : barang-barang kebutuhan pokok</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bila Ep > 1 : barang-barang tidak pokok (barang mewah)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor Penentu Elastisitas Permintaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada beberapa faktor yang menimbulkan perbedaan dalam elasisitas permintaan berbagai barang, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Banyaknya Barang Penganti yang Tersedia</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bila suatu barang mempunyai banyak barang pengganti,permintaan cenderung untuk bersifat elastis. Perubahan harga yang kecil saja akan menimbulkan perubahan yang besar terhadap permintaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permintaan terhadap barang yang tidak banyak mempunyai barang pengganti adalah bersifat tidak elastik, karena : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika harga naik para pembeli sukar memperoleh barang pengganti, sehingga permintaan tidak banyak berkurang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika harga turun permintaannya tidak banyak bertambah, karena tidak banyak tambahan pembeli yang pindah dari membeli barang yang bersaingan dengannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">”Semakin banyak jenis barang pengganti terhadap suatu barang, semakin elastis sifat permintaannya”</span></b></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Persentasi Pendapatan yang Dibelanjakan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Besarnya bagian pendapatan yang digunakan untuk membeli suatu barang dapat mempengaruhi elastisitas permintaan terhadap barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">”Semakin besar bagian pendapatan yang diperlukan untuk membeli suaru barang, semakin elastis permintaan akan barang tersebut”</span></b></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka Waktu Analisis</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lamanya pengamatan terhadap perubahan harga barang berpengaruh terhadap elastisitas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">”Semakin lama jangka waktu yang digunakan analisis terhadap permintaan, semakin elastis permintaan akan barang tersebut”</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat dari Menaksir Elastisitas Permintaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi Perusahaan, faktor tersebut dapat menjadi landasan dalam menyusun kebijakan penjualan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi Pemerintah, dapat menjadi alat untuk meramalkan kesuksesan dari kebijakan ekonomi yang akan dilaksanakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DERAJAT KEPEKAAN PENAWARAN (ELASTISITAS PENAWARAN)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Elastisitas permintaan menggambarkan derajat kepekaan fungsi penawaran terhadap perubahan yang terjadi pada variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya. Atau mengukur responsip penawaran sebagai akibat perubaan harga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Koefisien Elastis Penawaran, </span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Persentase perubahan jumlah barang yang ditawarkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E<sub>s </sub>= ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Persentase perubahan harga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor Penentu Elastisitas Penawaran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dua faktor yang peting dalam menentukan elasisitas penawaran berbagai barang, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat Perubahan Biaya Produksi</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penawaran akan tidak bersifat elastis apabila kenaikan penawaran hanya dapat dilakukan dengan mengeluarkan biaya yang sangat tinggi. Bila biaya tambahan yang dikeluarkan tidak terlalu tinggi, penawaran akan bersifat elastis.</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka Waktu Analisis</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam menganalisis pengaruh waktu kepada elastisitas penawaran, dibedakan atas 3 jenis jangka waktu, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masa sangat singkat, yaitu : masa waktu dimana para penjual tidak dapat merubah penawarannya (penawaran bersifat tidak elastis sempurna).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka Pendek, dimana kapasitas alat-alat produksi yang ada tidak dapat ditambah, kenaikan produksi dilakukan dengan cara menggunakan faktor-faktor produksi secaa lebih intensif. (penawaran bersifat tidak elastis)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka Panjang, produksi dan jumlah barang yang ditawarkan dapat dengan mudah ditambah dalam jangka panjang (penawaran bersifat elastis)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan rumus:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-syBem_uV1Fs/Tq2cjv4tDnI/AAAAAAAAAHU/l6IMa5b6McQ/s1600/Rumus+Elastisitas+Penawaran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-syBem_uV1Fs/Tq2cjv4tDnI/AAAAAAAAAHU/l6IMa5b6McQ/s1600/Rumus+Elastisitas+Penawaran.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 37.4pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EDV7mGvIQkQ/Tq2dAJjwTHI/AAAAAAAAAHc/vC2z0jjcT4s/s1600/Soal+Jawab+Elastisitas+Penawaran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EDV7mGvIQkQ/Tq2dAJjwTHI/AAAAAAAAAHc/vC2z0jjcT4s/s1600/Soal+Jawab+Elastisitas+Penawaran.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_4KKRxOsm9w/Tq2dXobY2aI/AAAAAAAAAHk/BMxS_78bvyE/s1600/Soal+Jawab+Elastisitas+Penawaran+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_4KKRxOsm9w/Tq2dXobY2aI/AAAAAAAAAHk/BMxS_78bvyE/s1600/Soal+Jawab+Elastisitas+Penawaran+2.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI PERMINTAAN KONSUMEN PENDEKATAN UTILITY </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI PERILAKU KONSUMEN</span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menerangkan perilaku pembeli dalam menggunakan dan membelanjakan pendapatan yang diperolehnya, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alasan para pembeli / konsumen untuk membeli lebih banyak barang pada harga yang lebih rendah akan mengurangi pembelian pada harga yang tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana seseorang konsumen menentukan jumlah dan komposisi dari barang yang akan dibeli dari pendapatan yang diperolehnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilai guna (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">utility</i>) adalah kepuasan atau kenikmatan yang diperoleh seseorang dari mengkonsumsi barang-barang. Jika kepuasan itu makin tinggi, maka makin tinggi pula nilai gunanya (utility-nya).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDEKATAN TEORI PERILAKU KONSUMEN :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendekatan Nilai Guna (<i>Utility</i>) Kardinal, dianggap manfaat atau kenikmatan yang diperoleh seorang konsumen dapat dinyatakan secara kuantitatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendekatan Nilai Guna (<i>Utility</i>) Ordinal, manfaat atau kenikmatan yang diperoleh masyarakat dari mengkonsumsi barang-barang tidak dikuantifikasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI NILAI GUNA </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepuasan atau kenikmatan yang diperoleh seseorang dari mengkonsumsi barang semakin tinggi, maka makin tinggi pula nilai gunanya (utility-nya). Terbagi atas :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nilai Guna Total (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total Utility</i>/TU) : jumlah seluruh kepuasan yang diperoleh dari mengkonsumsikan sejumlah barang tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nilai Guna Marginal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">marginal Utility</i>/MU) : pertambahan/pengurangan kepuasan sebagai akibat dari penambahan/pengurangan penggunaan suatu unit barang tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotesis utama teori nilai guna : hukum nilai guna marginal yang semakn menurun, menyatakan bahwa tambahan nilai guna yang akan diperoleh seseorang dari mengkonsumsikan suatu barang akan menjadi lebih sedikit apabila orang tersebut terus menambah konsumsinya atas barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">MEMAKSIMALKAN NILAI GUNA (<i>UTILITY</i>)</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Dalam keadaan dimana harga-harga berbagai macam barang adalah berbeda, syarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk memberikan nilai guna yang maksimum adalah : setiap rumah yang dikeluarkan untuk membeli unit tambahan berbagai jenis barang akan memberikan nilai guna marginal yang sama besarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Hipotesis :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seseorang akan memaksimumkan nilai guna dari barang-barang yang dikonsumsinya apabila perbandingan nilai guna marginal berbagai barang tersebut adalah sama dengan perbandingan harga-harga barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seseorang akan memaksimumkan nilai guna dari barang-barang yang dikonsumsinya apabila nilai guna marginal untuk setiap rupiah yang dikeluarkan adalah sama untuk setiap barang yang dikonsumsikan.</span></div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">SURPLUS KONSUMEN</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Surplus konsumen, yaitu kelebihan atau perbedaan antara kepuasan total atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total utility</i> (yang dinilai dengan uang) yang dinikmati konsumen dari mengkonsumsikan sejumlah barang tertentu dengan pengorbanan totalnya (yang dinilai dengan uang) untuk memperoleh atau mengkonsumsikan jumlah barang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara grafis sbb:</span></div><h2 align="center" style="text-align: center;"></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--xrfexU7srE/Tq2ktfJtXII/AAAAAAAAAIE/aIcJSdJXios/s1600/kurva+surplus+konsumen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--xrfexU7srE/Tq2ktfJtXII/AAAAAAAAAIE/aIcJSdJXios/s1600/kurva+surplus+konsumen.jpg" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 5.1. Surplus Konsumen</span></b></div><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></h2><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Kesediaan Membayar (<i>willingness to pay</i>)</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesediaan Membayar adalah jumlah maksimum yang mau dibayar oleh konsumen untuk memperoleh suatu barang. Sedangkan surplus konsumen (<i>consumer surplus</i>) adalah selisih antara kesediaan konsumen membayar dengan nilai yang sesungguhnya ia bayarkan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai contoh, umpamakan saja anda memiliki album rekaman pertama Elvis Presley yang sekarang sudah amat langka. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karena anda bukan penggemar berat Elvis, maka anda berniat menjualnya. Untuk memperoleh harga tertinggi, maka ia mengadakan lelang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada empat orang penggemar Elvis, mereka adalah John, Paul, Ringo dan George. Mereka mau membeli namun dengan dibatasi oleh jumlah maksimum yang mau mereka bayarkan untuk membelinya. Tabel 1 memperlihatkan harga maksimum yang mau mereka bayarkan. Batas maksimal yang mau dibayarkan oleh masing-masing pembeli itulah yang disebut dengan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesediaan Membayar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel. </span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1. Empat Kesediaan Membayar dari Para Calon Pembeli</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Calon Pembeli</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesediaan Membayar ($)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">John</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paul</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">George</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ringo</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">100</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">80</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">70</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">50</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah dilakukan tawar menawar, maka album te</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">rsebut terjual pada John yang mau membayar $100, namun kenyataannya ia hanya membayar $80 karena penawar yang lain tidak mau membayar lebih dari $80. John memperoleh keuntungan ekstra sebesar $20, dan keuntungan inilah yang disebut sebagai surplus konsumen. Sedangkan tiga penawar yang lain tidak mendapat surplus konsumen karena mereka tidak mendapatkan album dan juga tidak membayar apa-apa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa yang Diukur oleh Surplus Konsumen?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan mempelajari konsep surplus konsumen ini adalah untuk membuat penilaian normatif tentang diinginkan atau tidaknya hasil yang dibuahkan oleh mekanisme pasar. Surplus konsumen pada dasarnya mengukur manfaat atau keuntungan yang diterima pembeli dari suatu barang, berdasarkan penilaian konsumen itu sendiri. Kunci untuk tetap menyadari pentingnya surplus konsumen adalah dengan menghormati preferensi (pilihan atau kecenderungan perilaku) pembeli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Namun disebagian besar pasar kita dapat menyimpulkan dengan aman bahwa surplus konsumen merupakan cerminan kesejahteraan ekonomis para konsumen. Para konsumen biasanya mengasumsikan bahwa para pembeli adalah para pembuat keputusan yang rasional sehingga preferensi mereka harus dihormati.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">SURPLUS PRODUSEN</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Misalnya, ketika anda ingin mengecat rumah anda, maka anda akan mencari tukang cat, anda mendapati empat tukang yang bersedia yakni Mary, Louise, Georgia, dan Paman anda sendiri. Agar mendapat harga termurah, maka anda mengadakan lelang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada prinsipnya, keempat tukang cat itu mau menjual jasanya asalkan harga yang mereka terima lebih besar daripada biaya pengecatan. Di sini istilah Biaya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cost</i>) adalah nilai segala sesuatu yang harus dikorbankan penjual dalam memproduksi suatu barang. Di dalamnya harus tercakup semua pengeluaran (untuk membeli cat, kuas, sewa tangga, dll), serta nilai waktu yang mereka habiskan untuk mengecat rumah anda. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel 5.2 menunjukkan biaya yang mereka ambil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel 5.2. Empat Kesediaan Menjual dari Para Calon Penjual</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Calon Penjual Jasa</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesediaan Menjual ($)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mary</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Louise</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Georgia</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paman Anda</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">900</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">800</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">600</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">500</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lelang dimulai, karena keempat tuk</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ang cat itu sama-sama menginginkan pekerjaan, mereka bersaing menurunkan harga hingga batas minimal, yakni mendekati atau sama dengan kesediaan menjualnya. Begitu Paman anda menawarkan ongkos hanya sebesar $600 atau sedikit lebih rendah, maka ia pun langsung mengungguli tiga tukang cat lainnya karena ia sendiri yang mau mengecat rumah anda dengan ongkos di bawah $600.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keuntungan yang diterima paman anda adalah, selain bisnisnya berjalan lancar, si paman mendapat keuntungan tambahan dengan menerima bayaran sedikit dibawah $600, karena ia mampu mengerjakannya dengan ongkos $500. dalam kasus ini paman anda dikatakan memperoleh surplus produsen, yaitu jumlah pembayaran yang diterima penjual dikurangi biaya yang dipikulnya.</span></div><h3> </h3><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Soal :<br />
Diketahui penawaran barang: Qo= -5400+ 2Po. Jika keseimbangan sebesar Rp. 3200. berapa surplus atau premi produsennya?<br />
<br />
Jawab:<br />
pada saat P= 3200 maka Q= -5400+2(3200)<br />
= 1000<br />
pada saat Q= 0 msks 0= -5400+2P<br />
2P= 5400<br />
P= 2700</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rtcwupcjrpE/Tq2nXE_GJxI/AAAAAAAAAIM/PfGT6Me2nmE/s1600/Surplus+Produsen.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rtcwupcjrpE/Tq2nXE_GJxI/AAAAAAAAAIM/PfGT6Me2nmE/s1600/Surplus+Produsen.JPG" /></a></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">surplus produsen (SP) adalah luas segitiga yang di arsir:<br />
SP= {(3200-2700) x 1000}/2= 250000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><br />
sumber :<br />
<h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://ekonomikro.blogspot.com/2011/09/rangkuman-pengantar-ekonomi-mikro-prof.html</span></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">sonilaksono.yolasite.com/.../...</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">myzakian.com</span></cite></h2><h2><cite><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro</span></cite></h2><h2><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2789893746317428839</span></h2><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.g<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://www.bized.co.uk/sites/bized/files/images/circfl_c.gif</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://gozaligunadarma.blogspot.com/2011/04/kurva-permintaan-dan-penawaran.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://arumtiasnugraheni.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/index.php?display=view&ack=1&list=2&mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&id=50&uniq=all</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>AGUS SUHENDIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14722637080080132575noreply@blogger.com1